Very well.
A synthetic RNA is shown to be useful to enable potent immunisation options via new mRNA vaccines.
Yes I know this 2017 article is technical literature. But that's not necessarily boring.
RNA Vaccines pp 109-121| Cite as
Nucleoside Modified mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases (Link to source)
Norbert Pardi, Drew Weissman
Summary. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the outstanding abilities of mRNA to elicit potent immune responses against pathogens, making it a viable new platform for vaccine development (reviewed in Weissman, Expert Rev Vaccines 14:265–281, 2015; Sahin et al., Nat Rev Drug Discov 13:759–780, 2014). The incorporation of modified nucleosides in mRNA has many advantages and is currently undergoing a renaissance in the field of therapeutic protein delivery. Its use in a vaccine against infectious diseases has only begun to be described, but offers advantages for the generation of potent and long-lived antibody responses. FPLC purification and substitution of modified nucleosides in the mRNA make it non-inflammatory and highly translatable (Kariko et al., Immunity 23:165–175, 2005; Kariko et al., Mol Ther 16:1833–1840, 2008; Kariko et al., Nucleic Acids Research 39:e142, 2011) that are crucial features for therapeutic relevance. Formulation of the mRNA in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) protects it from degradation enabling high levels of protein production for extended periods of time (Pardi et al., J Control Release, 2015). Here, we describe a simple vaccination method using LNP-encapsulated 1-methylpseudouridine-containing FPLC purified mRNA in mice. Furthermore, we describe the evaluation of antigen-specific T and B cell responses elicited by this vaccine format.
(Update note 18/06/2018) There was a very good follow up review of this topic from this same team concisely providing key details:
Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. (2018). mRNA
vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018
Apr;17(4):261-279. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.243. Epub 2018 Jan 12. PMID: 29326426;
PMCID: PMC5906799. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29326426/
Summary. mRNA vaccines represent a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches because of their high potency, capacity for rapid development and potential for low-cost manufacture and safe administration. However, their application has until recently been restricted by the instability and inefficient in vivo delivery of mRNA. Recent technological advances have now largely overcome these issues, and multiple mRNA vaccine platforms against infectious diseases and several types of cancer have demonstrated encouraging results in both animal models and humans. This Review provides a detailed overview of mRNA vaccines and considers future directions and challenges in advancing this promising vaccine platform to widespread therapeutic use.
COVID-19 vaccines didn't happen overnight:
See also later GMO Pundit post:
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