It is frequently claimed that GM foods are not properly tested, or asserted that few independent studies have been published to establish their safety. Another similar claim made is that the food regulatory agencies rely exclusively of corporate information to decide whether GM food and feed are safe. The further claim is made that very few independent tests relating to GM food safety are done.

This conventional 'wisdom' is wrong.

The modern scientific literature shows that these commonly held opinions are merely myths.  Academics Review website comprehensively shows that many of these myths are merely baseless rumours and misinformation.

• Here is a summary of individual safety assessments in a pdf file at the Website GMO Answers:

The conclusions about extensive testing is further confirmed by the UK Biochemical Society Statement 2011:

BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY (UK)
"Genetically modified" crops, feed and food
3.6.11
All our current crop plants, and domestic and farm animals, are the result of deliberate cross breeding, which leads to genetic reshuffling, followed by selection of desirable characteristics. Although breeders have successfully practised these activities for thousands of years, it was only during the past century that we have gained a detailed understanding of the genetic and biochemical changes, which make these new breeds both genotypically and phenotypically very different from their ancestral forms.
Plant breeding, together with agrochemicals, irrigation and mechanisation, has led to dramatic increase in crop yields, which have kept pace with the burgeoning increase in global population in recent years. However, we now realise that this 'Green Revolution' put unprecedented pressure on the environment and on biodiversity. To ensure food security and adequate nutrition for a population of 9 billion by 2050 - with most of them living in the developing world-in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner, we will need to double productivity on essentially the same area of land. At the same time, we need to address concerns about modern high input agriculture, regionally declining water availability and to adapt to man-made climate change .
During the past few decades, the world has seen a revolution in our understanding of how living organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels, culminating in the complete genome sequences of an ever increasing range of organisms, from viruses to man. This information is a vital resource for addressing many challenges: combating disease, improving human health and well-being, and enhancing food supply.
As part of this revolution, we have seen the development of plant genetic modification (GM), which allows the transfer of desirable genetic properties from one plant species - or from other organisms - into another plant species. All GM crops are subject to extensive selection testing and characterisation mandated by an elaborate regulatory regime in order to exclude any potential adverse health and "environmental" consequences before they are licensed to be grown commercially.
The majority of GM crops currently grown have been modified to provide resistance to insect pests or tolerance to benign herbicides. This enables a more targeted and efficient use of agrochemicals together with the associated benefit of 'conservation tillage'. Other GM traits that are currently being developed for regulatory approval include further improvements in resistance to pest and disease; improving the efficiency of nutrient use; tolerance to temperature extremes, drought and flooding; and biofortified crops with enhanced micronutrients to combat nutritional deficiencies, which have a dramatic effect on the health of women and children in the developing world, and are a major cause of death and disease.
The Biochemical Society recognises that GM crops are not a magic bullet that will feed the whole world or eliminate poverty. However, the application of molecular biology will allow more targeted, precise, predictable and controllable improvement of crops, and can be used in two major ways: marker-assisted breeding to develop new varieties faster and GM to introduce new traits into crop plants. These technologies must not only be applied to improve food production in major crops but also to orphan crops those of minor economic significance, and so perhaps overlooked in commercial developments, but nevertheless of great importance for specific populations, often very poor ones in the developing world eg.Cassava,Sorghum), which are a vital resource for farmers in the developing world. As a scientific society, we have a responsibility for fully evaluating and deploying these technologies where appropriate, and thus contributing to the security of future generations; unfortunately, time is not on our side.
The Biochemical Society supports the view that, while it is indeed proper to maintain a reasonable level of regulatory control, a wealth of experience and experimental data from national academies, governments and regulatory authorities has shown that the use of GM techniques presents no particular or novel hazards beyond those already encountered in agriculture. This view has just been clearly endorsed in an EU report : "According to the projects' results, there is, as of today, no scientific evidence associating GMOs with higher risks for the environment or for food and feed safety than conventional plants and organisms".

The Biochemical Society wishes to thank Chris Leaver CBE FRS FRSE Emeritus Professor of Plant Science and Emeritus Fellow of St Johns College, Oxford for his work in producing this position statement.
  United Nations (Economic and Social Affairs) 2004 'World Population to 2300' http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf
  Royal Society October 2009 'Reaping the Benefits: Science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture' http://royalsociety.org/Reapingthebenefits/
  Europa December 2010 'Commission publishes compendium of results of EU-funded research on genetically modified crops' http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/1688&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

• The US FDA reports a lot of consultation and analysis of GM crop safety here:

Completed Consultations on Bioengineered Foods 

The inventory at this link. lists all completed consultations on bioengineered foods evaluated under FDA’s 1992 Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties. More information about this inventory is available on the Introduction page to the FDA List of Completed Consultations on Bioengineered Foods. We will update this information within about one month of completing a consultation. 

As part of this current GMO Pundit collection there are numerous independent published studies of GM food safety (Exhibit 2). Food and genetic technology regulatory agencies such as OGTR and FSANZ  in Australia and EFSA in Europe access all this publicly available safety literature as part of their assessment process for the safety of GM foods and feeds.

In contrast there is no strongly documented scientific validation of the safety of many conventional foods in the scientific literature -- especially relatively novel conventional foods such as kiwi fruit. There are numerous safety issues raised by conventional foods, and food safety has to be judged by comparison against this starting point, not an unattainable concept of absolute safety, whose pursuit actually can increase real harms to people. This viewpoint of the unavoidable risks from conventional food is well documented, appearing in an authoritative textbook of toxicology (C. D. Klaassen 2008, Editor. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 7th Edition, Chapter 30, Food Toxicology).

As Drs Chassy and Tribe argue at Academics Review, for effective  Food Safety: Focus on Real Risks, Not Fake Ones

Disease microbes, nutrient shortages and lack of access are greatest threats, not biotechnology. Contamination of fish and meat with parasites, or grains with mold toxins, are also significant food health hazards (Chassy and Tribe 2010).

To quote further from a recent review: Knudsen, I., Søborg, I., Eriksen, F., Pilegaard, K., Pedersen, J., Risk Management and Risk Assessment of Novel Plant Foods: Concepts and Principles, Food and Chemical Toxicology (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.022
Direct quote:

"During the last two decades a lot of attention has been paid to the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms used as food. Several international reports have indicated that the safety assessment strategy recommended for genetically modified foods to a large extent also could be used for other kinds of novel foods. Another conclusion from many of these reports is that very little is known about the potential long-term health effects of any traditional food (e.g. FAO/WHO 2000). Nonetheless, most traditional foods are treated as being safe because no widespread occurrence of acute severe adverse effects is reported after their consumption. Their safety has, however, rarely, if ever, been established. While it has been commonly accepted that for example food additives should be thoroughly tested for safety prior to use in the food production in order to secure that their level in the final food product would not constitute a human health risk, foods from new plant lines or new exotic fruits and vegetables have not been evaluated to the same extent for their potential adverse effects on human health although there are several examples of risks connected to such foods."

In other words, GM foods are more rigorously assessed for safety than many conventional foods, or other new types of foods such as kiwi fruit, and exotic foods that are new to certain communities (such as quinoa from South America or nangai nuts (Canarium indicum) from Micronesia). GM crops are more highly regulated than new breeds of cereals, potatoes, or tomatoes that contain fresh germplasm from wild-plants that is often introduced into our food by conventionial breeders to provide pest resistance.

To redress the misinformation about safety testing of GM foods and feeds, four major Exhibits relating to GM food and feed safety are collected below:

1. Key review articles on testing of GM food and feed safety, and on animal feeding trials with GM food and feed. 
2. Link to a summary of affiliations of scientists publishing on food safety, to enable their degree of independence to be scrutinised, plus links to original papers where available.
3. A collected list of 600+ published primary research articles including GM animal feeding tests, and papers relating directly to experimental testing of GM food safety and wholesomeness.
4. Base-line studies on variability, risks and unpredictable outcomes from conventional breeding 

Exhibit 3 is a large document, but the point of presenting so many papers is to refute assertions that such studies are seldom published.

Important papers are bolded in the lists below.

As far as discussing GM food safety myths, Academics Review is highly recommended. Genetic Roulette, a book by Jeffrey Smith, has 65 myths in full display. The results of investigating the claims in Genetic Roulette were published in March 2010 here

One particularly important soon to be available GM crop is vitamin A fortified rice or Golden Rice. Safety issues about this crop are discussed here:

Frequently asked questions on Golden Rice
Here are answers to common questions about Golden Rice and links to relevant scientific resources from organizations working on vitamin A deficiency, plant breeding, and genetic modification.

A related topic the GMO safety is the safety analysis of double-stranded silencing RNAs. That is covered in GMO Pundit's RNAi Reader page.


Exhibit 1.
KEY GMO Pundit Posts:
Safety, safety, safety, and more GM food safety. (Collected professional reviews on GM food and feed safety, including an impressive septet from Food and Chemical Toxicology Journal.) 
Gene-chips prove transgenes are clean genes. (Collected papers on transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and other comprehensive profiling approaches showing transgenic insertions are clean)
RNA related safety issues (collected papers and posts, also accessible via black bar at top of blog).

Key Quote WHO 2016:
The Meeting concluded that glyphosate is unlikely to be genotoxic at anticipated dietary exposures. Several carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats are available. The Meeting concluded that glyphosate is not carcinogenic in rats but could not exclude the possibility that it is carcinogenic in mice at very high doses. In view of the absence of carcinogenic potential in rodents at human-relevant doses and the absence of genotoxicity by the oral route in mammals, and considering the epidemiological evidence from occupational exposures, the Meeting concluded that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans from exposure through the diet

Molecular profiling review.

Food Safety Authority (UK)
SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF NOVEL FOODS. REPORT OF G02 RESEARCH PROGRAMME REVIEW (2005).

G02006: Metabolome technology for the profiling of GM and conventionally bred plant materials

Major new joint EU scientific report on GM food safety 
10th Sept 2008. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre released a new study entitled "Scientific and technical contribution to the development of an overall health strategy in the area of GMOs".

Its key messages are (direct quotes from Executive Summary):

1. No demonstration of any health effect of GM food products submitted to the regulatory process has been reported so far, yet, little is known about the potential long term health effects of any food, including novel food.
2. The safety of a GMO derived product is established relative to its conventional counterpart and is, therefore, not absolute. Conventional food is often evaluated on the base of its history of safe use.
3. The assessment of potential toxicity commonly includes the search for similarities between the primary structure of the protein(s) introduced by genetic modification into the host organism and the structures of known toxic proteins using bio-informatics methods. In addition, the susceptibility of the newly introduced protein to conditions of food and feed processing, as well as digestion, can provide an indication of the likelihood that the consumer will be exposed to the intact protein.
4. Repeated-dose feeding of new proteins in a subchronic experiment (e.g. for 28 days), are recommended. However, in a number of dossiers that have already been notified for regulatory approval in the EU subchronic 90-day wholeproduct feeding studies in rodents (rats) have been provided. Such studies should not be done on a routine basis, but only if there are indications to do so, such as substantial differences observed in the compositional analysis between the GM and its non-GM comparator.
5. With respect to allergenicity a weight of evidence approach is recommended combining the outcome of various assessment methods. Various studies published in scientific literature focus on the possible allergenic effects of the market-approved GM crops. Sera binding or skin reactions have not been observed for GM crops that have been allowed onto the European market.
6. Genes of bacterial origin in GM plants may theoretically be capable of being taken up by bacteria in the food chain. Horizontal gene transfer risks have been raised with respect to antibiotic resistance genes which may devolve to pathogenic micro-organisms thereby impairing antibiotic therapy. However, the chances of acquiring the same gene(s) from other bacterial species in the environment rather than from GMOs are considered much greater.
7. Two points are of paramount importance to consider possible consequences for human and animal safety in the rare cases of uptake of DNA from food by mammalian cells. First, DNA sequences of various origins (plant, animal, microbia, virus) are always present in human food and farm animal feed. Therefore, most sequences to be found in GM crop plants will have entered the mammalian gut before present time. Second, it is clear that uptake is very much more probable for somatic cells (particularly those of the gut and immune systems) than for germ line cells. This may account for the almost complete lack of evidence for sequences of plant origin in mammalian genomes. Somatic cells of the gut lining have a rapid turnover, such that the most likely fate of most modified cells is to be lost in the faeces. These considerations make deleterious consequences improbable.
   Unintended effects are those not directly linked to the targeted genetic modifications (disruption in the natural function of genes); this may also occur in conventional crop breeding.
8. Changes in the nutrient composition of GMO product may impact on human and animal nutrition; in such case in vivo feeding trials may be decided depending upon the knowledge available on those nutrients.
9. GM crops which are metabolically engineered to produce nutrients (or other products) of interest are likely to be prone to unintended effects besides the modification of interest. In such case, advanced omics technologies can be used to identify the substance(s) linked to the transfonnation. Comparison with a conventional counterpart is used, taking into account natural background variations. Generally, it is considered that the routine application of these techniques in regulatory risk assessment requires additional harmonisation and validation, as well as development of databases for the data on background variation.
10. Precaution is the reason for the comprehensive pre-market safety assessment and follow-up by post-market monitoring currently applied to GMOs, in order to reduce the uncertainty regarding any potential health effects of GM technology to a minimum.
11. Current experience with long term testing of GMO carried out in the fonnal regulatory approval context, point with an appropriate : degree of certainty to the absence of potential health effects. The data evaluated for submitted GM dossiers do not indicate any harm caused by these GMOs.
12. Most of the multigenerational feeding studies perfonned with laboratory rodents show no significant effect on testicular spennatocytes (GM soya beans), on fertility (GM potatoes), cell ultrastructure (GM soya beans) and only diet-related changes with GM canola. No uptake of transgenic DNA from gastrointestinal tract has been observed. Human experiments with GM tilapia fish showed no differences in cytological and biochemical blood composition.

GMO Pundit agrees with these judgements, and this post and others at this site provide abundant documentation of their validity.



CropLife Database of the Safety and Benefits of Biotechnology

OTHER KEY REVIEW resources on GM food nutritional safety evaluation. 

• A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001 - 2010) Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010 Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food EUR 24473 EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010)

• NAS Report- Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects (2004) by Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Institute of Medicine (IOM) Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (BANR) Board on Life Sciences (BLS))

GOVERNMENT SCIENCE REVIEWUK GM Science Review: Publications

The GM Science Review Panel has concluded its work and published a first and a supplementary second report. These have been formally submitted to: Margaret Beckett, Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Allan Wilson MSP at the Scottish Executive, Carwyn Jones AM at the National Assembly for Wales, and Mrs Angela Smith Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Northern Ireland Office, to help inform government's decision making on GM crops and food. 

• UK GM SCIENCE REVIEW FIRST REPORT (pdf file) 

An open review of the science relevant to GM crops and food based on the interests and concerns of the public
PREPARED BY THE GM SCIENCE REVIEW PANEL (JULY 2003)

• Chapter 5: GM DERIVED FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED SAFETY (pdf file)

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION 

• Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: An evidence-based study

FSANZ

• GM Foods: Safety Assessments of Genetically Modified Foods 2005 – Source: Australian Government Agency, Food Standards Australia New Zealand

Herman, Rod A. William D. Price 2013 Unintended Compositional Changes in Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: 20 Years of Research. J. Agric. Food Chem., DOI: 10.1021/jf400135r



Mycotoxin content and safety of GM foods.

The benefit of Bt [GM] corn’s reduction of mycotoxin damage has been virtually ignored in policy debates anywhere in the world. As adoption of agricultural biotechnology continues to increase on a global scale, policy makers worldwide should consider the economic and health impacts of this secondary benefit of transgenic pest-protected crops. A superb recent paper by F Wu remedies deficiency in policy debate, and the following draws very heavily on F Wu's important scholarship. Reduction of mycoxin contamination is a clear parameter for food and feed safety, particularly in developing countries. Further details and extensive discussion in a GMO Pundit Post here.

• Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts

Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) Bt corn, through the pest protection that it confers, has lower levels of mycotoxins: toxic and carcinogenic chemicals produced as secondary metabolites of fungi that colonize crops. In some cases, the reduction of mycotoxins afforded by Bt corn is significant enough to have an economic impact, both in terms of domestic markets and international trade. In less developed countries where certain mycotoxins are significant contaminants of food, Bt corn adoption, by virtue of its mycotoxin reduction, may even improve human and animal health. This paper describes an integrated assessment model that analyzes the economic and health impacts of two mycotoxins in corn: fumonisin and aflatoxin. It was found that excessively strict standards of these two mycotoxins could result in global trade losses in the hundreds of millions $US annually, with the US, China, and Argentina suffering the greatest losses. The paper then discusses the evidence for Bt corn’s lower levels of contamination of fumonisin and aflatoxin, and estimates economic impacts in the United States. A total benefit of Bt corn’s reduction of fumonisin and aflatoxin in the US was estimated at $23 million annually. Finally, the paper examines the potential policy impacts of Bt corn’s mycotoxin reduction, on nations that are making a decision on whether to allow commercialization of this genetically modified crop.
Keywords Bt corn - economic impacts - health impacts - mycotoxin reduction - regulatory policy

• Health and Food Safety: The Benefits of Bt-Corn .

Drew L. Kershen
FOOD DRUG LAW JOURNAL, v. 61 # 2 (June 2006) pages 197-236) published 27th June.
(A hyperlink to a full pdf copy of the review will follow within a few days courtesy of Professor Kershen)

• GMO Pundit Post on Movement of DNA between species and from the gut contents to (human) intestinal cells.
• EFSA review of statistical analyses conducted for the assessment of the MON 863 90-day rat feeding study

Review

Genetically modified plants as fish feed ingredients

(Discusssed here
http://www.biofortified.org/2011/07/gmo-fish-feed-ingredients/)

ABSTRACT
Genetically modified (GM) plants were first grown commercially more than 20 years ago, but their use is still controversial in some parts of the world. Many GM plant varieties are produced in large quantities globally and are approved for use in fish feeds both in Norway and the European Union. European consumers, however, are skeptical to fish produced by means of GM feed ingredients. Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of GM plants, including potential toxicity and (or) allergenicity of the novel protein, potential unintended effects, and risk of horizontal gene transfer to other species. This review will present the current state of knowledge regarding GM plants as fish feed ingredients, focusing on fish performance and health as well as the fate of the GM DNA fragments in the fish, identifying limitations of the current work and areas where further research is needed.

Nini Hedberg Sissener, Monica Sanden, Åshild Krogdahl, Anne-Marie Bakke, Lene Elisabeth Johannessen, Gro-Ingunn Hemre

a National Institute of Seafood and Nutrition Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
b Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Aquaculture Protein Centre, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
c National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
Published on the web 23 February 2011.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2011, 68:(3) 563-574, 10.1139/F10-154

A 2012 paper from Seralini/CRIIGEN/Uninversity of Caen/Auchan/Carrefour published in Food and Chemical Toxicology** has attracted a lot of attention to the topic of GM food safety. It was finally retracted by the journal in November 2013

A good readable explanation of this paper is here:

Ashley Ng. (2012) Genetically modified corn and cancer – what does the evidence really say?, The Conversation 25 September 2012, 6.18am AEST, 

The PR-spin used to manipulate the findings is analysed here:
R. Roush and D. Tribe (2012) Modifying the message: how tricks masked home truths about anti-GM science, The Conversation 25 September 2012, 6.18am AEST , 

For serious investigators of the questions posed by this CRIIGEN report, a series of letters to the Editor in response to the intitial G -E Seralini / CRIIGEN scientific article about rat feeing tests on GM maize are now available via the  links provided at the journal’s In-press page:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/02786915 and at this blog's CRIIGEN page. 

Exhibit 2.

GMO Pundit post on institutional affiliations of scientists who publish test results are listed in a GMO Pundit post hyperlinked here, which also has links to the original papers where available.

GMO Pundit post collecting independent published tests of GMO food and feed safety demonstrating Rosemary Stanton's claims on lack of tests are wrong. 

Exhibit 3.

Citation list of 600 papers that test GM food safety in animal tests or directly and systematically measure or define safety parameters, such as allergenicity or potential toxin fingerprinting:

(Updated list from the Biofortified site Genera project)

1 Aalhus, J.L., M.E.R. Dugan, K.A. Lien, I.L. Larsen, F. Costello, D.C. Roland, D.R. Best and R.D. Thacker, 2003, Effects of feeding glyphosate-tolerant canola meal on swine growth, carcass composition and meat quality. Journal of Animal Science, 81:3267

2 Aeschbacher, K; Messikommer, R; Meile, L; Wenk, C, 2005, Bt176 corn in poultry nutrition: Physiological characteristics and fate of recombinant plant DNA in chickens. British Poultry Science, 84:385-394

3 Aeschbacher, K., L. Meile, R. Messikommer and C. Wenk, 2002, Influence of genetically modified maize on performance and product quality of chickens. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology, 11:196

4 Aeschbacher, K., L. Meile, R. Messikommer and C. Wenk, 2002, Influence of genetically modified maize on performance and product quality of chickens. Proceedings of the Society of Nutritional Physiology, 11:196

5 Aeschbacher, K., L. Meile, R. Messikommer and C. Wenk. 2001. Genetically modified maize in diets for chickens and laying hens: influence on performance and product quality. Proceedings: International Symposium on Genetically Modified Crops and Co-products as Feeds for Livestock, pp 41-42, September, Nitra, Slovak Republic.

6 Aeschbacher, K., R. Messikommer and C. Wenk. 2001. Physiological characteristics of Bt-176 corn in poultry and destiny of recombinant plant DNA in poultry products. Annals of Nutr. And Metab.45(Suppl. 1):376.

7 Alexander, T.W., R. Sharma, E.K. Okine, W.T. Dixon, R.J. Forster, K. Stanford and T.A. McAllister. 2002. Impact of feed processing and mixed ruminal culture on the fate of recombinant EPSP synthase and endogenous canola plant DNA. FEMS Microbiology Letters 214:263-269.

8 Alexander, T.W., T. Reuter, E. Okine, R. Sharma, and T.A. McAllister. 2006. Conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction assessment of the fate of transgenic DNA in sheep fed Roundup Ready rapeseed meal. Br J Nutr 96(6):997-1005.

9 Alexander, T.W., T. Reuter, K. Aulrich, R. Sharma, E.K. Okine, W.T. Dixon, and T.A. McAllister. 2007. A review of the detection and fate of novel plant molecules derived from biotechnology in livestock production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 133(1-2):31-62.

10 Alexander, TW; Sharma, R; Deng, MY; Whetsell, AJ; Jennings, JC; Wang, YX; Okine, E; Damgaard, D; McAllister, TA, 2004, Use of quantitative real-time and conventional PCR to assess the stability of the cp4 epsps transgene from Roundup Ready (R) canola in the intestinal, ruminal, and fecal contents of sheep. , Journal of Biotechnology, 112:255-266

11 Álvarez-Alfageme F, von Burg S, Romeis J, 2011 Infestation of Transgenic Powdery Mildew-Resistant Wheat by Naturally Occurring Insect Herbivores under Different Environmental Conditions. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022690

12 Ames, JM, 2007, Evidence against dietary advanced glycation endproducts being a risk to human health, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51(9):1085-1090

13 Anilkumar, B; Reddy, A Gopala; Kalakumar, B; Rani, M Usha; Anjaneyulu, Y; Raghunandan, T; Reddy, Y Ramana; Jyothi, K; Gopi, K S, 2010, Sero-biochemical Studies in Sheep Fed with Bt Cotton Plants, Toxicology International, 17(2):99-101

14 Apgar, G.A. T.A. Guthrie, K.S. Griswold, M.P. Martin, J.S. Radcliffe, and M. D. Lindemann. 2004.Nutritional value of a corn containing a glutamate dehydrogenase gene for growing pigs. J.Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):456-457. Abstract 912.

15 Appenzeller, LM; Munley, SM; Hoban, D; Sykes, GP; Malley, LA; Delaney, B, 2008, Subchronic feeding study of herbicide-tolerant soybean DP-356Ø43-5 in Sprague-Dawley rats, Food Chemistry Toxicology, 46(6):2201-2213

16 Arencibia, A; Gentinetta, E; Cuzzoni, E; Castiglione, S; Kohli, A; Vain, P; Leech, M; Christou, P; Sala, F, 1998, Molecular analysis of the genome of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants produced via particle bombardment or intact cell electroporation, Molecular Breeding, 4:99-109

17 Asanuma, Y; Jinkawa T, Tanaka H, Gondo T, Zaita N, Akashi R. Assays of the production of harmful substances by genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants in accordance with regulations for evaluating the impact on biodiversity in Japan. Transgenic Res. 2011 Feb;20(1):91-7.

18 Ash, J; Novak, C; Scheideler, SE , 2003, The fate of genetically modified protein from Roundup Ready Soybeans in laying hens., Journal of Applied Poultry Research , 12(2):242-245

19 Ash, J.A., S.E. Scheideler and C.L. Novak. 2000. The Fate of Genetically Modified Protein from Roundup ReadyÒ Soybeans in the Laying Hen. Poultry Sci. 79 (Suppl. 1):26. Abstract 111.

20 Atkinson, H J; Johnston, K A; Robbins, M, 2004, Prima facie evidence that a phytocystatin for transgenic plant resistance to nematodes is not a toxic risk in the human diet, Journal of Nutrition, 134:431–434

21 Aulrich, K; Bohme, H; Daenicke, R; Halle, I; Flachowsky, G, 2001, Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition 1st communication: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition, Archiv für Tierernaehrung (Archives of Animal Nutrition), 54:183-195

22 Aulrich, K., I. Halle and G. Flachowsky. 1998. Inhaltsstoffe und Verdaulichkeit von Maiskörnen der Sorte Cesar und der gentechnisch veränderten Bt-hybride bei Legenhennen. Proc Einfluss von Erzeugung und Verarbeitung auf die Qualität laudwirtschaftlicher Produkte (VDLUFA) Kongre8band 1998 110. VDLUFA-Kongre8. 14.-18.09.1998. Gie8en, 465-468. Gie8en, Deutchland.

23 Aumaitre, A; Aulrich, K; Chesson, A; Flachowsky, G; Piva, G, 2002, New feeds from genetically modified plants: substantial equivalence, nutritional equivalence, digestibility, and safety for animals and the food chain, Livestock Production Science, 74(3):223-38

24 Bakan, B; Melcion, D; Richard-Molard, D; Cahagnier, B, 2000, Fungal growth and Fusarium mycotoxin content in isogenic traditional maize and genetically modified maize grown in France and Spain, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(4):728–731

25 Baker, J M; Hawkins, N D; Ward, J L; Lovegrove, A; Napier, J A; Shewry, P R; Beale, M H, 2006, A metabolomic study of substantial equivalence of field-grown genetically modified wheat, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 4(4):381

26 Bakke-McKellep AM, M. Sanden, A. Danieli, R. Acierno, G-I Hemre, M. Maffia, and Å Krogdahl. 2008. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fed genetically modified soybeans and maize: histological, digestive, metabolic, and immunological investigations. Research in Veterinary Science 84, 395-408.

27 Bakke-McKellep, A.M., E.O. Koppang, G. Gunnes, M. Sanden, G-I. Hemre, T. Landsverk, and A. Krogdahl. 2007. Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed genetically modified soybeans. J of Fish Diseases 30:65-79.

28 Barriere, Y; Verite, R; Brunschwig, P; Surault, F; Emile, J C, 2001, Feeding value of corn silage estimated with sheep and dairy cows is not altered by genetic incorporation of Bt176 resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis, Journal of Dairy Science, 84:1863-1871

29 Barrière, Y., R.Vérité, P. Brunschwig, F. Surault, and J.C. Emile. 2001. Feeding value of silage maize estimated with sheep and dairy cows is not altered by genetic incorporation of Bt 176 resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1863-1871.

30 Barros, E; Lezar, S; Anttonen, M J; van Dijk, J P; Röhlig, R M; Kok, E J; Engel, K-H , 2010, Comparison of two GM maize varieties with a near isogenic non-GM variety using transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 8(4):436-451

31 Barros, G; Magnoli, C; Reynoso, M M; Ramirez, M L; Farnochi, M C; Torres, A; Dalcero, A; Sequeira, J; Rubinstein, C; Chulze, S, 2009, Fungal and mycotoxin contamination in Bt maize and non-Bt maize grown in Argentina, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2(1):53-60

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33 Batista, R; Nunes, B; Carmo, M; Cardoso, C, 2005, Lack of detectable allergenicity of transgenic maize and soya samples, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 116(2):403–410

34 Batista, Rita; Saibo, Nelson; Lourenço, Tiago; Oliveira, Maria Margarida, 2008, Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion., PNAS, 105(9):3640-5

35 Baudo, María Marcela; Lyons, Rebecca; Powers, Stephen; Pastori, Gabriela M; Edwards, Keith J; Holdsworth, Michael J; Shewry, Peter R, 2006, Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breeding., Plant Biotechnology Journal, 4(4):369-80

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42 Berger, L.L., N.D. Robbins, J.R. Sewell, E.P. Stanisiewski, and G.F. Hartnell. 2003. Effect of feeding diets containing corn grain with corn rootworm protection (event MON863), control, or conventional varieties on steer feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):214. Abstract M150.

43 Betz F S, Hammond B G , Fuchs R L, 2000, Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect pests., Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 32(2):156-173

44 Bohme H, Aulrich K, Daenicke R, Flachowsky G, 2001, Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition 2nd communication: Glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs, Archives of Animal Nutrition, 54(3):197-207

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48 Bondzio, A., Stumpff, F., Schoen, J., Martens, H., Einspanier, R., (2008) Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ab on rumen epithelial cells (REC) - a new in vitro model for safety assessment of recombinant food compounds, Food and Chemical Toxicology (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.038

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52 Brake, Denise G; Evenson, Donald P, 2004, A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development., Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42(1):29-36

53 Brake, J; Faust, M A; Stein, J, 2003, Evaluation of transgenic event Bt11 hybrid corn in broiler chickens., Poultry Science, 82(4):551-9

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60 Brouk, M., B. Cvetkovic, D. Rice, B. Smith, M. Hinds, F. Owens, and T. Sauber. 2008. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a genetically modified event DAS-59122-7 or a nontransgenic, near isoline control. J Anim. Sci, (Sectional Meeting Abstracts) 86(e-Suppl. 3):89 Abstract 276.

61 Brown PB, Wilson KA, Jonker Y, Nickson TE. 2003 Glyphosate tolerant canola meal is equivalent to the parental line in diets fed to rainbow trout. J Agric Food Chem. 51:4268-72.

62 Brown, N M; Setchell, K D, 2001, Animal models impacted by phytoestrogens in commercial chow: implications for pathways influenced by hormones., Laboratory Investigation, 81(5):735-47

63 Brown, Paul B; Wilson, Keith A; Jonker, Yolanda; Nickson, Thomas E, 2003, Glyphosate tolerant canola meal is equivalent to the parental line in diets fed to rainbow trout., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(15):4268-72

64 Bub A, Möseneder J, Wenzel G, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K. 2008. Zeaxanthin is bioavailable from genetically modified zeaxanthin-rich potatoes. European journal of nutrition 47(2):99-103.

65 Cahagnier B and Melcion D, Mycotoxines de Fusarium dans les mais-grains `a la re´colte: relation entre la pr´esence d’insectes (pyrale, s´esamie) et la teneur en mycotoxines, in Food Safety: Current Situation and Perspectives in the European Community, Proc 6th International Feed Production Conf, ed by Piva G and Masoero F, pp 237–249 (2000). Cited by Cleveland et al. 2003

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69 Cao, Sishuo ; Wentao Xu, YunBo Luo, Xiaoyun He, Yanfang Yuan, Wenjun Ran, Lixing Lianga and Kunlun Huang.Metabonomics study of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis rice (T2A-1) meal in a 90-day dietary toxicity study in rats. Mol. BioSyst., 2011, DOI: 10.1039/C1MB05076A (May 19, 2011)

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71 Castillo, A.R., M.R. Gallardo, M. Maciel, J. M. Giordano, G.A.Conti, M.C. Gaggiotti, O. Quaino, C. Gianni, and G.F. Hartnell. 2004. Effects of feeding rations with genetically modified whole cottonseed to lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1778-1785.

72 Castillo, A.R., M.R. Gallardo, M. Maciel, J.M. Giordano, G.A. Conti, M.C. Gaggiotti, O. Quaino, C. Giani, and G.F. Hartnell. 2001. Effect of feeding dairy cows with cottonseeds containing BollGard® and Roundup Ready® genes or control non-transgenic cottonseeds on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1)413. Abstract 1713.

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87 Cheng, K C; Beaulieu, J; Iquira, E; Belzile, F J; Fortin, M G; Strömvik, M V, 2008, Effect of transgenes on global gene expression in soybean is within the natural range of variation of conventional cultivars., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(9):3057-67

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127 Devos, Yann; Cougnon, Mathias; Vergucht, Sofie; Bulcke, Robert; Haesaert, Geert; Steurbaut, Walter; Reheul, Dirk, 2008, Environmental impact of herbicide regimes used with genetically modified herbicide-resistant maize., Transgenic Research, 17(6):1059-77

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133 Donkin, S.S., J.C. Velez, A.K. Totten, E.P. Stanisiewski and G.F. Hartnell. 2003. Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, ruminal digestion, and milk composition in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:1780-1788.

134 Doull, J; Gaylor, D; Greim, H; Lovell, DP; Lynch, B; Munro, IC (2007) Report of an expert panel on the reanalysis by Seralini et al. (2007) of a 90-day study conducted by Monsanto in support of the safety of a genetically modified corn variety (MON 863). Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (11): 2073-2085 NOV 2007

135 Dowd PF (2001) Biotic and abiotic factors limiting efficacy of Bt corn in indirectly reducing mycotoxin levels in commercial fields. J Econ Ent 94(5): 1067–1074.

136 Dowd, P F, 2000, Indirect reduction of ear molds and associated mycotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis corn under controlled and open field conditions: utility and limitations., Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(6):1669-79

137 Dowd, P.F. (2004) Technical Abstract: Reliability of a ComputerProgram for Predicting Mycotoxin Levels in Midwestern U.S.A. Maize (May 21, 2004) (submitted to the Int’l Iupac Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins), available athttp://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/ublications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=159116. (Dr Patrick Dowd, an Agricultural Research Scientist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), has created a computer program to predict mycotoxin, including fumonisin, levels several weeks before harvest using data related to the factors set forth in the review by Kershen D 2006).

138 Dowd, Patrick F. (2004) Considering the Importance of Insect Resistance in Corn Ears in Relation to the Contribution of Insects to the Mycotoxin Problem (Mar. 2, 2004) (paper presented at the 40th Annual Illinois Corn Breeder’s School) (technical abstract available at http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115-160750);

139 Drury, Suzanne M; Reynolds, Tracey L; Ridley, William P; Bogdanova, Natalia; Riordan, Susan; Nemeth, Margaret A; Sorbet, Roy; Trujillo, William A; Breeze, Matthew L, 2008, Composition of forage and grain from second-generation insect-protected corn MON 89034 is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.)., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(12):4623-30

140 Dryzga, M D; Yano, B L; Andrus, A K; Mattsson, J L, 2007, Evaluation of the safety and nutritional equivalence of a genetically modified cottonseed meal in a 90-day dietary toxicity study in rats., Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(10):1994-2004

141 Duan, Jian J; Marvier, Michelle; Huesing, Joseph; Dively, Galen; Huang, Zachary Y, 2008, A meta-analysis of effects of Bt crops on honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)., PloS One, 3(1):e1415

142 Dubouzet, Joseph G; Ishihara, Atsushi; Matsuda, Fumio; Miyagawa, Hisashi; Iwata, Hiroyoshi; Wakasa, Kyo, 2007, Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of high-tryptophan rice expressing a mutant anthranilate synthase alpha subunit., Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(12):3309-21

143 Duc, Caroline; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Lindfeld, Andreas, 2011, No adverse effect of genetically modified antifungal wheat on decomposition dynamics and the soil fauna community--a field study, PloS One, 6(10):e25014

144 Duggan, P.S., Chambers, P.A., Heritage, J., Forbes, J.M. (2002). Survival of free DNA encoding antibiotic resistance from transgenic maize and the transformation activity of DNA in ovine saliva, ovine rumen fluid and silage effluent. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 191, 71–77. A

145 Duke, Stephen O; Rimando, Agnes M; Pace, Patrick F; Reddy, Krishna N; Smeda, Reid J, 2003, Isoflavone, glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid levels in seeds of glyphosate-treated, glyphosate-resistant soybean., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(1):340-4

146 Duvick, J, 2001, Prospects for reducing fumonisin contamination of maize through genetic modification., Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(Suppl 2):337-42

147 EFSA, 2004a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the Notification (Reference C/DE/02/9) for the placing on the market of insect-protected genetically modified maize MON 863 and MON 863 x MON 810, for import and processing, under Part C of Directive 2001/18/EC from Monsanto. The EFSA Journal, 49, 1-25.http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/science/gmo/gmo_opinions/381.Par.0001.File.dat/opinion_gmo_06_en1.pdf

148 EFSA, 2004b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the safety of foods and food ingredients derived from insect-protected genetically modified maize MON 863 and MON 863 x MON 810, for which a request for placing on the market was submitted under Article 4 of the Novel Food Regulation (EC) No 258/97 by Monsanto. The EFSA Journal, 50, 1-25.http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/science/gmo/gmo_opinions/383.Par.0001.File.dat/opinion_gmo_07_en1.pdf

149 Einspanier R, Lutz B, Rief S, Berezina O, Zverlov V, Schwarz W, Mayer J (2004) Tracing residual recombinant feed molecules during digestion and rumen bacterial diversity in cattle fed transgene maize. European Food Research and Technology 218:269-273

150 Eizaguirre, Matilde; Albajes, Ramon; López, Carmen; Eras, Jordi; Lumbierres, Belén; Pons, Xavier, 2006, Six years after the commercial introduction of Bt maize in Spain: field evaluation, impact and future prospects., Transgenic Research, 15(1):1/12/2012

151 El Sanhoty R, El-Rahman AA, Bogl KW. 2004 Quality and safety evaluation of genetically modified potatoes spunta with Cry V gene: compositional analysis, determination of some toxins, antinutrients compounds and feeding study in rats. Nahrung. 48:13-8.

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153 Ellers-Kirk, Christa; Barron J. Orr, Stuart E. Marsh, Larry Antilla, Pierre Dutilleul, and Yves Carriere Y. Farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 16;103(20):7571-6. Epub 2006 May 4.

154 Enot, David P; Beckmann, Manfred; Overy, David; Draper, John, 2006, Predicting interpretability of metabolome models based on behavior, putative identity, and biological relevance of explanatory signals., PNAS, 103(40):14865-70

155 Erickson GE, Robbins ND, Simon JJ, Berger LL, Klopfenstein TJ, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2003 Effect of feeding glyphosate-tolerant (roundup-ready events GA21 or nk603) corn compared with reference hybrids on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci. 81:2600-8.

156 Erickson, G.E., N.D. Robbins, J.J. Simon, L.L. Berger, T.J. Klopfenstein, E.P. Stanisiewski, and G.F. Hartnell. 2003. Effect of feeding glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup-Ready events GA21 or nk603) corn compared with reference hybrids on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci.81:2600-2608.

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158 FAO/WHO (2001). Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on allergenicity of foods derived from biotechnology. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2001. ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/allergygm.pdf

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165 Fermín, Gustavo; Keith, Ronald C; Suzuki, Jon Y; Ferreira, Stephen A; Gaskill, Douglas A; Pitz, Karen Y; Manshardt, Richard M; Gonsalves, Dennis; Tripathi, Savarni, 2011, Allergenicity assessment of the papaya ringspot virus coat protein expressed in transgenic rainbow papaya, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(18):10006-12

166 Finamore, Alberto; Roselli, Marianna; Britti, Serena; Monastra, Giovanni; Ambra, Roberto; Turrini, Aida; Mengheri, Elena, 2008, Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(23):11533-9

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169 Fischer, R.L., P.S. Miller, Y. Hyun, G.F. Hartnell, and E.P. Stanisiewski. 2003. Comparison of swine performance when fed diets containing corn root worm protected corn, parental line corn, or conventional corn grown during 2000 in Nebraska. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):207. Abstract M118.

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175 Flachowsky, G., K. Aulrich, A. Berk, R. Daenicke and T. Reuter. 2002. Nutritional Assessment of feeds from genetically modified (GM) crops. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 11:183-186.

176 Flachowsky, G., K. Aulrich, H. Böhme, and I.Halle. 2007. Studies on feeds from genetically modified plants (GMP) – Contributions to nutritional and safety assessment. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 133:2-30.

177 Flachowsky, G., K. Aulrich, H. Böhme, and R. Daenicke. 2000. GMO in animal nutrition: results of experiments at our Institute. Proceedings of the 6th International Feed Production Conference. Piacenza, Italy November 2000. Food Safety: Current situation and perspectives in the European Community. Editors, G. Piva and F. Masoero. P 291-307.

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180 Folmer, J., R. Grant and J. Beck. 2001. Use of Bt corn silage and grain by lactating dairy cows. 2001-2002 Nebraska Dairy Report, University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension MP78-A, p. 13-17.

181 Folmer, J.D. G.E. Erickson, C.T. Milton, T.J. Klopfenstein and J.F. Beck. 2000. Utilization of Bt corn residue and corn silage for growing beef steers. J. Animal Sci. 78 (Suppl. 2):85 Abstract 271.

182 Folmer, J.D., R.J. Grant, C.T. Milton and J. Beck. 2002. Utilization of Bt corn residues by grazing beef steers and Bt corn silage and grain by growing beef cattle and lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1352-1361.

183 Folmer, J.D., R.J. Grant, C.T. Milton and J.F. Beck. 2000. Effect of Bt corn silage on short-term lactational performance and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83 (5):1182 Abstract 272.

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186 Frøystad, M.K., E. Lilleeng, A.M. Bakke-McKellep, K. Vekterud, G.-I. Hemre, and Å. Krogdahl. 2008. Gene expression in distal intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed genetically modified soybean meal. Aquaculture Nutrition 14:204-214.

187 Fuchs RL, Ream JE, Hammond BG, Naylor MW, Leimgruber RM, et al. 1993. Safety assessment of the neomycin phosphotransferase-ii (nptII) protein. Bio/Technology 11:1543–47

188 Fuchs, Marc; Gonsalves, Dennis, 2007, Safety of virus-resistant transgenic plants two decades after their introduction: lessons from realistic field risk assessment studies., Annual Review of Phytopathology, 45:173-202

189 Furgal-Dierzuk, I. and J. Strzetelski. 2009. Rumen degradability of genetically modified corn and soybean. Conference Materials from XXXVIII Scientific Session of the Committee on Animal Science – “Genetically Modified Feeds and Conventional Feeds in Animal Nutrition”. Balice, Poland May 28-29, 2009, P. 172.

190 Gaines, A.M., G.L. Allee, and B.W. Ratliff. 2001. Nutritional evaluation of Bt (MON810) and Roundup Ready ® corn compared with commercial hybrids in broilers. Poult. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):51. Abstract 214.

191 Gaines, A.M., G.L. Allee, and B.W. Ratliff. 2001. Swine digestible energy evaluations of Bt (MON810) and Roundup® corn compared with commercial varieties. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):109. Abstract 453.

192 Gao MQ, Hou SP, Pu DQ, Shi M, Ye GY, Chen XX. Multi-generation effects of Bt rice on Anagrus nilaparvatae, a parasitoid of the nontarget pest Nilapavarta lugens. Environ Entomol. 2010 Dec;39(6):2039-44. PMID 22182572

193 George, Cherian; Ridley, William P; Obert, Janet C; Nemeth, Margaret A; Breeze, Matthew L; Astwood, James D, 2004, Composition of grain and forage from corn rootworm-protected corn event MON 863 is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays l.)., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(13):4149-58

194 Gizzarelli F, Corinti S, Barletta B, Iacovacci P, Brunetto B, Butteroni C, Afferni C, Onori R, Miraglia M, Panzini G, Di Felice G, Tinghino R. (2006) Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified soybean protein extract in a murine model of oral allergen-specific sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006 Feb;36(2):238-48.

195 Glencross B, Curnow J, Hawkins W, Kissil GWM, Peterson D (2003). Evaluation of the feed value of a transgenic strain of the narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in the diet of the marine fish, Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture Nutrition 9:197-206

196 Glencross, B., J. Curnow, W. Hawkins, G.W.M. Kissil, and D. Peterson. 2003. Evaluation of the feed value of a transgenic strain of the narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in the diet of the marine fish,Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9:197-206.

197 Goodman, Richard E; Vieths, Stefan; Sampson, Hugh A; Hill, David; Ebisawa, Motohiro; Taylor, Steve L; van Ree, Ronald, 2008, Allergenicity assessment of genetically modified crops--what makes sense?, Nature Biotechnology, 26(1):73-81

198 Grant RJ, Fanning KC, Kleinschmit D, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF (2003). Influence of glyphosate-tolerant (event nk603) and corn rootworm protected (event MON863) corn silage and grain on feed consumption and milk production in Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86:1707-1715

199 Grant, R.J., D. Kleinschmit, A.L. Sparks, E.P. Stanisiewski, and G.F. Hartnell. 2002. Influence of glyphosate tolerant (trait NK603) corn silage and grain on feed consumption and milk production in Holstein dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):384. Abstract 1540.

200 Grant, R.J., K. C Fanning, D. Kleinschmit, E. P. Stanisiewski, and G. F. Hartnell. 2003. Influence of glyphosate-tolerant (event nk603) and corn rootworm protected (event MON863) corn silage and grain on feed consumption and milk production in Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:1707-1715.

201 Gregersen PL, Brinch-Pedersen H, Holm PB.(2005) A microarray-based comparative analysis of gene expression profiles during grain development in transgenic and wild type wheat. Transgenic Res. 2005 Dec;14(6):887-905.

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203 Gruber, Helga; Vijay Paul, Patrick Guertler, Hubert Spiekers, Ales Tichopad, Heinrich H. D. Meyer, and Martin Mller. Fate of Cry1Ab Protein in Agricultural Systems under Slurry Management of Cows Fed Genetically Modified Maize (Zea mays L.) MON810: A Quantitative Assessment. J. Agric. Food Chem., Article ASAP DOI: 10.1021/jf200854n Publication Date (Web): May 23, 2011

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205 Gulden, Robert H; Lerat, Sylvain; Hart, Miranda M; Powell, Jeff R; Trevors, Jack T; Pauls, K Peter; Klironomos, John N; Swanton, Clarence J, 2005, Quantitation of transgenic plant DNA in leachate water: real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(15):5858-65

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207 Halle, I. and G. Flachowsky. 2006. Feeding of genetically modified (Bt) maize to laying hens over four generations. Book of Abstracts of the 57th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production Antalya, Turkey, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Netherlands, No.12, p. 146.

208 Halle, I., K. Aulrich and G. Flachowsky. 1998. Einsatz von Maiskörnen der Sorte Cesar und des gentechnisch veränderten Bt-Hybriden in der Broiler mast. Proc. 5. Tagung, Schweine- und Geflhgelernährung, 01,-03.12.1998, Wittenberg p 265-267. Wittenberg, Deutchland.

209 Halle, I., K. Aulrich and G. Flachowsky. 2004. Four generations of feeding of GMO-corn to breeder quail. (Fütterung von gentechnisch verändertem Mais an Zuchtwachtein über vier Generationen). Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 13:124. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany.

210 Halle, I., R.M. E. El Sanhoty, and G. Flachowsky. 2005. Nutritional assessment of GM-Potatoes in broiler feeding (Untersuchung zur Beuteilung des Nährwertes von gentechnisch veränderten Kartoffeln beim Broiler). Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol.14:63.

211 Hamilton KA, Pyla PD, Breeze M, Olson T, Li MH, Robinson E, Gallagher SP, Sorbet R, Chen Y (2004). Bollgard II cotton: Compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:6969-6976

212 Hamilton, K.A., P.D. Pyla, M. Breeze, T. Olson, M. Li, E. Robinson, S.P. Gallagher, R. Sorbet, and Y. Chen. 2004. Bollgard II Cotton: Compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:6969-6976.

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214 Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M (2004) Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Jun;42(6):1003-14.

215 Hammond BG, Vicini JL, Hartnell GF, Naylor MW, Knight CD, Robinson EH, Fuchs RL, Padgette SR. 1996 The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. J Nutr. 126:717-27.

216 Hammond, B G; Dudek, R; Lemen, J K; Nemeth, M A, 2006, Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn borer-protected corn., Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(7):1092-9

217 Hammond, B. 2004. A review of the food/feed safety and benefits of Bacillus thuringgiensis protein containing insect-protected crops. Pages 103-123 in Chapter 7 in Agricultural Biotechnology Challenges and Prospects, M.K. Balgat, W. P. Ridley, A.S. Felsot, and J.N. Seiber, Editors, ACS Symposium Series 866, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.

218 Hammond, B., J. Vicini, G. Hartnell, M.W. Naylor, C.D. Knight, E. Robinson, R. L. Fuchs, and S.R. Padgette et al. 1996. The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. J. Nutr. 126: 717-727.

219 Hammond, Bruce G; Campbell, Keith W; Pilcher, Clinton D; Degooyer, Todd A; Robinson, Aaron E; McMillen, Brian L; Spangler, Steven M; Riordan, Susan G; Rice, Larry G; Richard, John L, 2004, Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in 2000-2002., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(5):1390-7

220 Hammond, Bruce G; Lemen, Joan K; Ahmed, Gulam; Miller, Kathleen D; Kirkpatrick, Jeannie; Fleeman, Tammye, 2008, Safety assessment of SDA soybean oil: results of a 28-day gavage study and a 90-day/one generation reproduction feeding study in rats., Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 52(3):311-23

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227 Hashimoto, W., Momma, K., Katsube, T., Ohkawa, Y., Ishige, T., Kito, M., Utsumi, S., Murata, K., 1999a. Safety assessment of genetically engineered potatoes with designed soybean glycinin: compositional analyses of the potato tubers and digestibility of the newly expressed protein in transgenic potatoes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79, 1607–1612.

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246 Ipharraguerre, I.R., R.S. Younker, J.H. Clark, E.P. Stanisiewski and G.F. Hartnell. 2003.Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a glyphosate-tolerant hybrid (event NK603). J. Dairy Sci. 86:1734-1741.

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326 McCann, Melinda C; Liu, Keshun; Trujillo, William A; Dobert, Raymond C, 2005, Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans remain compositionally equivalent to conventional soybeans (Glycine max L.) during three years of field testing., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(13):5331-5

327 McCann, Melinda C; Trujillo, William A; Riordan, Susan G; Sorbet, Roy; Bogdanova, Natalia N; Sidhu, Ravinder S, 2007, Comparison of the forage and grain composition from insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant MON 88017 corn to conventional corn (Zea mays L.)., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(10):4034-42

328 McNaughton, J; Roberts, M; Smith, B; Rice, D; Hinds, M; Schmidt, J; Locke, M; Brink, K; Bryant, A; Rood, T; Layton, R; Lamb, I; Delaney, B, 2007, Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-356Ø43-5 (Optimum GAT), nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil., Poultry Science, 86(12):2569-81

329 McNaughton, J.L., M. Roberts, B. Smith, D. Rice, M. Hinds, C. Sanders, R. Layton, I. Lamb, and D. Delaney. 2008. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-3Ø5423-1, nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal hulls and oil. Poultry Sci. 87:2549-2561.

330 McNaughton. 2004. Broiler study nutritional evaluation of b.t.cry1f maize corn from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Aizawai and phosphinothricin-n-acetyltransferase. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):399-400. Abstract 684.

331 Meja, L., C.M. Jacobs, P.L. Utterback, C.M. Parsons, D. Rice, C. Sanders, B. Smith, C. Iiams, and T. Sauber. 2010. Evaluation of soybean meal with genetically modified output trait DP-3Ø5423-1 when fed to laying hens. 2010 International Poultry Scientific Forum January 25-26, 2010. Abstract P227. http://www.internationalpoultryexposition.com/ipsf/docs/2010_IPSF_Abstract.pdf (Accessed 26JUL2010).

332 Mertens, D.R. and M. McCaslin. 2008. Evaluation of alfalfa hays with down-regulated lignin biosynthesis. Journal Dairy Science 91(E Supplement 1):170 Abstract 183/ Journal of Animal Science 86(E Supplement 2):170 Abstract 183.

333 Mills, ENC, JA Jenkins, MJC Alcocer, PR Shewry.2004. Structural, Biological, and Evolutionary Relationships of Plant Food Allergens Sensitizing via the Gastrointestinal Tract. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44:379–407

334 Mireles, Jr., A., S. Kim, R. Thompson and B. Amundsen. 2000. GMO (Bt) Corn is Similar in Composition and Nutrient Availability to Broilers as Non-GMO Corn. Poultry Sci. 79 (Suppl. 1): 65-66. Abstract 285.

335 Mohanta, R.K., K.K. Singhal, A.K. Tyagi, Y.S. Rajput, and S. Prasad. 2009. Nutritional evaluation of transgenic cottonseed in the ration of lactating dairy cows. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. DOI 10.10.1007/s/11250-009-9439-z (published online: 24 August 2009)

336 Momma K, Hashimoto W, Yoon HJ, Ozawa S, Fukuda Y, Kawai S, Takaiwa F, Utsumi S, Murata K. 2000. Safety assessment of rice genetically modified with soybean glycinin by feeding studies on rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 64:1881-6.

337 Montero M, Coll A, Nadal A, Messeguer J, Pla M. Only half the transcriptomic differences between resistant genetically modified and conventional rice are associated with the transgene. Plant Biotechnology, 29 OCT 2010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00572.x.

338 Morroni, Marco; Thompson, Jeremy R; Tepfer, Mark, 2008, Twenty years of transgenic plants resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus., Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 21(6):675-84

339 Munkvold GP and Hellmich RL (1999) Comparison of fumonisin concentrations in kernels of transgenic Bt maize hybrids and nontransgenic hybrids. Plant Dis 83(2): 130–138.

340 Munkvold, Gary P, 2003, Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize., Annual Review of Phytopathology, 41:99-116

341 Nair RS, Fuchs RL and Schuette SA (2002). Current methods for assesssing safety of genetically modified crops exemplified by data on Roundup Ready soybeans. Toxicol. pathol 30:117-125

342 Nakajima, Osamu; Koyano, Satoru; Akiyama, Hiroshi; Sawada, Jun-Ichi; Teshima, Reiko, 2010, Confirmation of a predicted lack of IgE binding to Cry3Bb1 from genetically modified (GM) crops., Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 56(3):306-11

343 Nakamura R, Satoh R, Nakajima Y, Kawasaki N, Yamaguchi T, Sawada J, Nagoya H, Teshima R (2009).Comparative study of GH-transgenic and non-transgenic amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) allergenicity and proteomic analysis of amago salmon allergens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;55(3):300-8. Epub 2009 Aug 11.

344 Nemeth, Anne; Wurz, Andreas; Artim, Lori; Charlton, Stacy; Dana, Greg; Glenn, Kevin; Hunst, Penny; Jennings, James; Shilito, Ray; Song, Ping, 2004, Sensitive PCR analysis of animal tissue samples for fragments of endogenous and transgenic plant DNA., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(20):6129-35

345 Netherwood, T., Martin-Orúe, S.M., O’Donnell, A.G., Gockling, S., Graham, J., Mathers, J.C., Gilbert, H.J., (2004). Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract. Nat.Biotechnol. 22, 204–209.

346 Ng, Ee Chin; Dunford, Nurhan T; Chenault, Kelly, 2008, Chemical characteristics and volatile profile of genetically modified peanut cultivars., Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 106(4):350-6

347 Oberdoerfer, Regina B; Shillito, Raymond D; de Beuckeleer, Marc; Mitten, Donna H, 2005, Rice (Oryza sativa L.) containing the bar gene is compositionally equivalent to the nontransgenic counterpart., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5):1457-65

348 Obert, Janet C; Ridley, William P; Schneider, Ronald W; Riordan, Susan G; Nemeth, Margaret A; Trujillo, William A; Breeze, Matthew L; Sorbet, Roy; Astwood, James D, 2004, The composition of grain and forage from glyphosate tolerant wheat MON 71800 is equivalent to that of conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(5):1375-84

349 Olson, DM; J. R. Ruberson, A. R. Zeilinger &D. A. Andow, Colonization preference of Euschistus servus and Nezara viridulain transgenic cotton varieties, peanut, and soybean. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 139: 161–169, 2011

350 Padgette, S.R., Taylor, N.B., Nida, D.L., Bailey, M.R., MacDonald, J., Holden, L.R., Fuchs, R.L. (1996). The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to that of conventional soybeans. J. Nutr. 126, 702–716.

351 Palombo JD, DeMichele SJ, Liu JW, Bistrian BR, Huang YS. 2000 Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of gamma-linolenic acid from high gamma-linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil. Lipids. 35:975-81

352 Papst, C., H. F. Utz, A. E. Melchinger, J. Eder, T. Magg, D. Klein and M. Bohn,(2005) Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium spp. in Isogenic Bt vs. non-Bt Maize Hybrids under European Corn Borer Pressure, Agron. J. 97:219-224 (2005).

353 Paul, V., P. Guertler, S. Wiedemann, and H.H.D. Meyer. 2009. Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize (MON810) in relation to total dietary feed proteins in dairy cow digestion. Transgenic Res. (published online: 04 November 2009) DOI 10.1007/s11248-009-9339-z.

354 Peng D, Chen S, Ruan L, Li L, Yu Z, Sun M. (2007) Safety assessment of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis with VIP insecticidal protein gene by feeding studies. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jul;45(7):1179-85. Epub 2007 Jan 11.

355 Peterson, B.A., Y. Hyun, E. P. Stanisiewski, G. F. Hartnell, and M. Ellis. 2008. Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing Roundup Ready wheat (MON 71800), a non-transgenic genetically similar wheat, or conventional wheat varieties. Animal 2 (11):1602-1609.

356 Peterson, B.A., Y. Hyun, E.P. Stanisiewski, G.F. Hartnell, and M. Ellis. 2003. A comparison of swine performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready® wheat (event MON 71800) and conventional wheat varieties. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):207-208. Abstract M120.

357 Peterson, Robert K D; Shama, Leslie M, 2005, A comparative risk assessment of genetically engineered, mutagenic, and conventional wheat production systems., Transgenic Research, 14(6):859-75

358 Petty, A.T., K.S. Hendrix, E.P. Stanisiewski and G.F. Hartnell. 2001. Feeding value of Bt corn grain compared with its parental hybrid when fed in beef cattle finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):102. Abstract 320.

359 Petty, A.T., K.S. Hendrix, E.P. Stanisiewski and G.F. Hartnell. 2001. Performance of beef cattle fed Roundup ReadyÒ corn harvested as whole plant silage or grain. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):102. Abstract 321.

360 Phipps RH, Deaville ER, Maddison BC (2003) Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86:4070-4078.

361 Phipps RH, Humphries DJ (2002) Detection of transgenic DNA in milk from cows receiving herbicide tolerant (CP4EPSPS) soyabean meal. Livestock Production Science 74:269-273

362 Phipps, R H; Jones, A K; Tingey, A P; Abeyasekera, S, 2005, Effect of corn silage from an herbicide-tolerant genetically modified variety on milk production and absence of transgenic DNA in milk., Journal of Dairy Science, 88(8):2870-8

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366 Phipps, R.H., E.R. Deaville, and B.C. Maddison. 2003. Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows. J.Dairy Sci. 86:4070-4078.

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369 Ping-Li Dai, Wei Zhou, Jie Zhang, Hong-Juan Cui, Qiang Wang, Wei-Yu Jiang, Ji-Hu Sun, Yan-Yan Wu, Ting Zhou, Field assessment of Bt cry1Ah corn pollen on the survival, development and behavior of Apis mellifera ligustica, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Available online 23 February 2012, ISSN 0147-6513, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.005.

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371 Piva, G., M. Morlacchini, A. Pietri, A. Piva, and G. Casadei. 2001. Performance of weaned piglets fed insect-protected (MON 810) or near isogenic corn. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):106. Abstract 441.

372 Piva, G., M. Morlacchini, A. Pietri, F. Rossi, A. Prandini, G. Casadei and G. Cavanna. 2001.Performance of broilers and piglets fed Bt corn. Proceedings: International Symposium on genetically Modified Crops and Co-products as Feeds for Livestock, pp 27-30. September, Nitra, Slovak Republic.

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374 PIVA, G.,MORLACCHINI, M., PIETRI, A., PIVA, A., CASADEI, G., 2001. Performance of weaned piglets fed insect protected (MON 810) or near isogenic corn. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl.1): 106 (Abstr. 441).

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376 Poulsen, M., Kroghsbo, S., Schrøder, M., Wilcks, A., Jacobsen, H., Miller, A., Frenzel, T., Danier, J., Rychlik, M., Shu, Q., Emami, K., Sudhakar, D., Gatehouse, A., Engel, K.-H., Knudsen, I., 2007b. A 90- day safety study in Wistar rats fed genetically modified rice expressing snowdrop lectin Galanthus nivalis (GNA). Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 350–363.

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382 Querubin, L.J., C.D.Q. Bantoc, J.R. Centeno, D.R. Dahilig and N.F. Carandang. 2002. Feeding value of two YieldGard (YG) corn hybrids versus their isogenic counterparts, treated with and without insecticides in broiler diets. Proceedings of the PSAS 39th National & 20th Visaya Chapter Sci. Sem. & Ann. Convention, 23-25 Oct. 2002, Cebu City, Philippines, Pages 55-56.

383 Querubin, L.J., C.D.Q. Bantoc, J.R. Centeno, D.R. Dahilig, and N.F. Carandang. 2004. Feeding value of two yieldgard corn hybrids versus their isogenic counterparts, treated with and without insecticides, in broiler diets. Proc. 11th AAAP Congress 2004 Vol 1:111-113.

384 Ramessar, Koreen, Ariadna Peremarti Sonia Go´mez-Galera Shaista Naqvi Marian Moralejo Pilar Mun˜oz Teresa Capell Paul Christou 2007. Biosafety and risk assessment framework for selectable marker genes in transgenic crop plants: a case of the science not supporting the politics, Transgenic Res 16:261–280.

385 Rang A, Linke B and Jansen B. 2005. Detection of RNA variants transcribed from the transgene in Roundup Ready soybean, European Food Research and Technology 220(3-4):438-443.

386 Rasmussen, M.A., S.A. Cutler, K. Wilhems, and C.G. Scanes. 2007. Effects of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn on reproductive performance in adult laying hens. International Journal of Poultry Science 6 (3):169-171.

387 Ravindran, V., L.M. Tabe, L. Molvig, T.J.V. Higgins, and W.L. Bryden. Online: 2002. Nutritional evaluation of transgenic high-methionine lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) with broiler chickens. J.Sci. Food Agri . 82:280-285.

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389 Řehout, V., J. Kadlec1, J. Čítek, E. Hradecká, L. Hanusová, B. Hosnedlová, and F. Lád. 2009. The influence of genetically modified Bt maize MON 810 in feed mixtures on slaughter, haematological and biochemical indices of broiler chickens. J. Anim and Feed Sci.18:490-498.

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394 Reuter, T., K. Aulrich, A. Berk and G. Flachowsky. 2001. Nutritional evaluation of Bt-corn in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):260. Abstract 1073.

395 Reuter, T., K. Aulrich, A. Berk and G. Flachowsky. 2001. Nutritional evaluation of Bt-maize in pigs. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 10:111.

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398 Rhee, G.S., Cho, D.H., Won, Y.H., Seok, J.H., Kim, S.S., Kwack, S.J., Lee, R.D., Chae, S.Y., Kim, J.W., Lee, B.M., Park, K.L., Choi, K.S., 2005. Multigeneration reproductive and developmental toxicity study of bar gene inserted into genetically modified potato on rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 68, 2263–2276.

399 Ridley WP, Sidhu RS, Pyla PD, Nemeth MA, Breeze ML, Astwood JD (2002) Comparison of the nutritional profile of glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 with that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:7235-7243

400 Rizzi, A., L. Brusetti, S. Arioli, K.M. Nielsen, I. Tamagnini, A. Tanburini, C. Sorlini, and D. Daffonchio. 2008. Detection of feed-derived maize DNA in goat milk and evaluation of the potential of horizontal transfer to bacteria. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 227:1699-1709.

401 Rogan, G.J., Bookout, J.T., Duncan, D.R., Fuchs, R.L., Lavrik, P.B., Love, S.L., Mueth, M., Olson, T., Owens, E.D., Raymond, P.J., Zalewski, J. (2000). Compositional analysis of tubers from insect andvirus resistant potato plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 5936–5945.

402 Rosati, Alessio; Bogani, Patrizia; Santarlasci, Alisa; Buiatti, Marcello, 2008, Characterisation of 3' transgene insertion site and derived mRNAs in MON810 YieldGard maize., Plant Molecular Biology, 67(3):271-81

403 Rose, Robyn; Dively, Galen P, 2007, Effects of insecticide-treated and Lepidopteran-active Bt transgenic sweet corn on the abundance and diversity of arthropods., Environmental Entomology, 36(5):1254-68

404 Rossi F, Moschini M, Fiorentini L, Masoero F, Piva G (2003) Analytical composition and rumen degradability of isogenic and transgenic corn varieties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83:1337-1341

405 Rossi, F; Morlacchini, M; Fusconi, G; Pietri, A; Mazza, R; Piva, G, 2005, Effect of Bt corn on broiler growth performance and fate of feed-derived DNA in the digestive tract., Poultry Science, 84(7):1022-30

406 ROSSI, F., MORLACCHINI, M., FUSCONI, G., PIETRI, A., PIVA, G.. Effect of insertion of Bt gene in corn and different fumonisin content on growth performance of weaned piglets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, North America, 10, apr. 2011.

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412 Russell, J.R., D. Farnham, R.K. Berryman, M.J. Hersom, A. Pugh and K. Barrett. 2000. Nutritive value of the crop residues from bt-corn hybrids and their effects on performance of grazing beef cows. 2000 Beef Research Report -Iowa State University. p 56-61.

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429 Scheideler, S.E., R.E. Hileman, T. Weber, L.Robeson, and G.F. Hartnell. 2008. The in vivo digestive fate of the Cry3Bb1 protein in laying hens fed diets containing MON 863 corn. Poultry Science 87:1089-1097.

430 Schnell, Jamie; He´le`ne Labbe´, Nik Kovinich, Yuzuki Manabe, Brian Miki. Comparability of imazapyr-resistant Arabidopsis created by transgenesis and mutagenesis. Transgenic Res. 2012 DOI 10.1007/s11248-012-9597-z

431 Scholtz, N., G. Flachowsky, and H. Sauerwein. 2009. Immune response in quail fed with or without genetically modified Bt-maize. J. Anim. Sci. 87(E-Suppl 2):390 (Abstr W20).

432 Scholtz, N., G. Flachowsky, I. Halle, and H. Sauerwein. 2009. Metabolic and histological evaluation of quails with or without genetically modified Bt-maize. J. Anim. Sci. 87(E-Suppl 2):390 (Abstr W19).

433 Schrøder, Malene; Poulsen, Morten; Wilcks, Andrea; Kroghsbo, Stine; Miller, Andreas; Frenzel, Thomas; Danier, Jürgen; Rychlik, Michael; Emami, Kaveh; Gatehouse, Angharad; Shu, Qingyao; Engel, Karl-Heinz; Altosaar, Illimar; Knudsen, Ib, 2007, A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats., Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(3):339-49

434 Schubbert, R; Lettmann, C; Doerfler, W, 1994, Ingested foreign (phage M13) DNA survives transiently in the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream of mice., Molecular and General Genetics, 242(5):495-504

435 Schubbert, R., Hohlweg, U., Renz, D., Doerfler, W. (1998). On the fate of orally ingested foreign DNA in mice: chromosomal association and placental transmission in the fetus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 259, 569–576. See GMO Pundit post on DNA and gene movement between species.

436 Schubbert, R., Renz, D., Schmitz, B., Doerfler, W. (1997). Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by mice reaches peripheral leukocytes, spleen and liver via intestinal wall mucosa and can be covalently linked to mouse DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 961–966. See GMO Pundit post on DNA and gene movement between species.

437 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms [EFSA](Question No EFSA-Q-2008-077) Adopted on 29 October 2008, SCIENTIFIC OPINION Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by France on maize MON810 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC and the emergency measure according to Article 34 of Regulation No 1829/2003/EC1. The EFSA Journal (2008) 850, 1-45

438 Séralini, G-E, Cellier, D and de Vendomois, JS (2007) New Analysis of a Rat Feeding Study with a Genetically Modified Maize Reveals Signs of Hepatorenal Toxicity. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007 May;52(4):596-602. Epub 2007 Mar 13. PMID: 17356802

439 Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J. A. Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature 485, 229–232 (2012).

440 Sharma, M.C. 2006. Feeding studies of transgenic Bt cotton seed of JKAL event 1 containing cry1Ac gene in lactating crossbred dairy cows. cera-gmc.org/docs/decdocs/09-057-008.pdf (Accessed 15APR2010)

441 Sharma, R., D. Damgaard, T.W. Alexander, M.E.R. Dugan, J.L. Aalhus, K. Stanford, and T.A. McAllister. 2006. Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in digesta and tissues of sheep and pigs fed Roundup Ready canola meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(5):1699-1709.

442 Sharma, R., T.W. Alexander, D.M. Damgaard and T.A. McAllister. 2003. Stability of transgenic DNA from Roundup Ready canola in duodenal fluids of ruminants. No. R62 Proc. Of Canadian Society of Animal Sciences, June 10-13, 2003 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

443 Sharma, R., T.W. Alexander, S.J. John, R.J. Forster, and T.A. McAllister. 2004. Relative stability of transgene DNA fragments from GM rapeseed in mixed ruminal cultures. British Journal of Nutrition 91(5):673-681.

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446 Shewry PR , Marcela Baudo, Alison Lovegrove, Stephen Powers, Johnathan A. Napier, Jane L. Ward, John M. Baker, Michael H. Beale. Are GM and conventionally bred cereals really different? Trends in Food Science & Technology Volume 18, Issue 4, April 2007, Pages 201–209

447 Shewry, Peter R; Powers, Stephen; Field, J Michael; Fido, Roger J; Jones, Huw D; Arnold, Gillian M; West, Jevon; Lazzeri, Paul A; Barcelo, Pilar; Barro, Francisco; Tatham, Arthur S; Bekes, Frank; Butow, Barbara; Darlington, Helen, 2006, Comparative field performance over 3 years and two sites of transgenic wheat lines expressing HMW subunit transgenes., Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 113(1):128-36

448 Shimada, Nobuaki; Murata, Hideo; Mikami, Osamu; Yoshioka, Miyako; Guruge, Keerthi S; Yamanaka, Noriko; Nakajima, Yasuyuki; Miyazaki, Shigeru, 2006, Effects of feeding calves genetically modified corn bt11: a clinico-biochemical study., The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (Japanese Society of Veterinary Science), 68(10):1113-5

449 Sidhu RS, Hammond BG, Fuchs RL, Mutz JN, Holden LR, George B, Olson T. (2000) Glyphosate-tolerant corn: the composition and feeding value of grain from glyphosate-tolerant corn is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.). J Agric Food Chem. 48:2305-12.

450 Silvanovich, Andre; Nemeth, Margaret A; Song, Ping; Herman, Rod; Tagliani, Laura; Bannon, Gary A, 2006, The value of short amino acid sequence matches for prediction of protein allergenicity., Toxicological Sciences, 90(1):252-8

451 Simon, J.J., K.J. Vander Pol, G.E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, C.N. Macken, E.P. Stanisiewski, and G.F. Hartnell. 2002. Effect of Roundup Ready® corn (event NK603) on performance in beef feedlot diets. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):46. Abstract 179.

452 Sinagawa-García, Sugey R; Rascón-Cruz, Quintín; Valdez-Ortiz, Angel; Medina-Godoy, Sergio; Escobar-Gutiérrez, Alejandro; Paredes-López, Octavio, 2004, Safety assessment by in vitro digestibility and allergenicity of genetically modified maize with an amaranth 11S globulin, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(9):2709-14

453 Sindt, J., J. Drouillard, E. Loe, T. Kessen, M. Sulpizio, S. Montgomery, D. Rice, M. Hinds, B. Smith, F. Owens, G. Dana, and P. Hunst. 2007. Effect of corn containing the Cry1F protein on performance of beef heifers fed a finishing diet based on steam-flaked corn. The Professional Animal scientist 23:632-636.

454 Singh, Abinav K; Praveen, Shelly; Singh, Bhanu P; Varma, Anupam; Arora, Naveen, 2009, Safety assessment of leaf curl virus resistant tomato developed using viral derived sequences, Transgenic Research, 18(6):877-87

455 Singh, M. D.P. Tiwari, A. Kumar and M. R. Kumar. 2003. Effect of feeding transgenic cottonseed vis-à-vis non-transgenic cottonseed on haematobiochemical constituents in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(12):1732-1737.

456 Singh, M., D.P. Tiwari, A. Kumar and M. R. Kumar. 2002. Effect of feeding transgenic cottonseed vis-à-vis non-transgenic cottonseed on haematobiochemical constituents in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Xth International Congress, Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP), Ashok Hotel, New Delhi, India - September 23-27, 2002, p. 257-258, Abstract.

457 Singh, M., D.P. Tiwari, and A. Kumar. 2002. Effects of feeding transgenic cottonseed on nutrients utilization, milk production and its composition in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Buffalo. J.

458 Singhal, K., S. Kumar, A.K. Tyagi, and Y. S. Rajput. 2006. Evaluation of Bt cottonseed as a protein supplement in the ration of lactating dairy cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 76:532-537.

459 Singhal, K.K., A.K. Tyagi, Y.S. Rajput, M. Singh, T. Perez, and G.F. Hartnell. 2006. Effect of feeding cottonseed produced from Bollgard II® cotton on feed intake, milk production, and milk composition in lactating crossbred cows. XIIth Animal Science Congress 2006 Congress Proceedings – Abstracts, P.757.

460 Sissener, N.H., M. Sanden, A.M. Bakke, Å. Krogdahl, and G.-I. Hemre. 2009. A long term trial with Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed genetically modified soy; focusing general health and performance before, during and after the parr-smolt transformation. Aquaculture 294:108-117.

461 Smyth, Stuart J; Michael Gusta, Kenneth Belcher, Peter W.B. Phillips and David Castle. Environmental impacts from herbicide tolerant canola production in Western Canada. Agricultural Systems, Volume 104, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 403-410

462 Somoza, V and others (2005). Influence of feeding malt, bread crust, and a pronylated protein on the activity of chemopreventive enzymes and antioxidative defense parameters in vivo, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53:8176–8182.

463 Spencer JD, Allee GL, Sauber TE. (2000) Growing-finishing performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn. J Anim Sci. 78:1529-36.

464 Stanford, K., J.L. Aalhus, M.E.R. Dugan, G.L. Wallins, R. Sharma and T.A. McAllister. 2003. Effects of feeding transgenic canola on apparent digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 83(2):299-305.

465 Stanford,K., T.A. McAllister, J. Aalhus, M. Dugan, and R. Sharma. 2002. Effects of feeding glyphosate-tolerant canola meal on lamb growth, meat quality and apparent feed digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1): 71 Abstract 281.

466 Stanisiewski, E.P., G.F. Hartnell, and D.R. Cook. 2001. Comparison of swine performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready® corn (GA21), parental line or conventional corn. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):319-320. Abstract 1322.

467 Stanisiewski, E.P., M.L. Taylor, G.F. Hartnell, S.G. Riordan, M.A. Nemeth, B. George, and J.D. Astwood. 2002. Broiler performance when fed Roundup Ready® (event RT73) or conventional canola meal. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):95. Abstract 408.

468 Stein, H.H., D.W. Rice, B.L. Smith, M.A. Hinds, T.E. Sauber, C. Pedersen, D.Wulf, and D.N. Peters. 2007. Evaluation of corn grain with the genetically modified event DAS-59122-7 fed to growing pigs. J.Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 10:512-513. (Abstr.)

469 Stein, H.H., T. E. Sauber , D. W. Rice , M. A. Hinds , B. L. Smith, G. Dana, D. N. Peters, and P. Hunst. 2009. Growth performance and carcass composition of pigs fed corn grain from DASØ15Ø7-1 (Herculex I) hybrids. The Professional Animal Scientist 2:689–694.

470 Stein, H.H., T. Sauber, D. Rice, M. Hinds, D. Peters, G. Dana, and P. Hunst. 2004. Comparison of corn grain from biotech and non-biotech counterparts for grow-finish pig performance. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):328-329. Abstract W65.

471 Stein, H.H., T.E. Sauber, D.W. Rice, M.A. Hinds, B.L. Smith, G. Dana, D.N. Peters, and P. Hunst. 2009. Growth performance and carcass composition of pigs fed corn grain from DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 (Herculex I) hybrids. The Professional Animal Scientist 25:689-694.

472 Steinke K, Guertler P, Paul V, Wiedemann S, Ettle T, Albrecht C, Meyer HH, Spiekers H, Schwarz FJ. Effects of long-term feeding of genetically modified corn (event MON810) on the performance of lactating dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2010 Jun 22 [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 20579187

473 Steinke, K., V. Paul, P. Gürtler, W. Preiβinger, S. Wiedemann, C. Albrecht, H. Spiekers, H.H.D. Meyer, and F.J. Schwarz. 2009. Effects of long-term feeding of genetically modified maize (Bt-maize, MON 810) on dairy cows. Book of Abstracts of the 60th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal production, Book of Abstract No. 15 (2009), Barcelona, Spain, 24-27August 2009, P.349.

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475 Sung, H.G., D.Y. Li, S.Y. Lee, S.S. Lee, N.J. Choi, J.Y. Ko, and J.K. Ha. 2004. Comparison between normal and genetically modified corn in their effects on rumen fermentation. Proc. 11th AAAP Congress 2004 Vol. 3:271-273.

476 Swiatkiewiez, S. and E. Hanczakowska. 2009. The effect of genetically modified components on fattening results and meat quality in pigs. Conference Materials from XXXVIII Scientific Session of the Committee on Animal Science – “Genetically Modified Feeds and Conventional Feeds in Animal Nutrition”. Balice, Poland May 28-29, 2009, P. 93-94.

477 Swiatkiewiez, S., J. Koreleski, and A. Arezewska. 2009. Egg performance and egg quality in laying hens and production indices in broiler chickens fed diets containing genetically modified components. Conference Materials from XXXVIII Scientific Session of the Committee on Animal Science – “Genetically Modified Feeds and Conventional Feeds in Animal Nutrition”. Balice, Poland May 28-29, 2009, P.103-104.

478 SWINE: Potato containing 1-SST (sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase) and 1-FFT (fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase) genes of globe artichoke, Cynara scolymus

479 Takahashi, H. Hotta, Y. Hayashi, M. Kawai-Yamada, M. Komatsu, S. Uchimiya, H. 2005. High throughput metabolome and proteome analysis of transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Biotechnol 22, 47–50.

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481 Tatli, F; Gullu, M; Ozdemir, F, 2004, Determination of Fungi Species, Relationships Between Ear Infection Rates and Fumonisin Quantities in Bt Maize, Bulletin OILB/SROP. Proceedings of the meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'GMOs in Integrated Production', entitled Ecological Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms, 27(3):161-164

482 Taylor M, Hartnell G, Lucas D, Davis S, Nemeth M. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing soybean meal produced from glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89788), control, or conventional reference soybeans. Poult Sci. 2007 Dec;86(12):2608-14.

483 Taylor M, Hartnell G, Nemeth M, Lucas D, Davis S.(2007) Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from second-generation insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant, conventional control or commercial reference corn. Poult Sci. 2007 Sep;86(9):1972-9.

484 Taylor M, Lucas D, Nemeth M, Davis S, Hartnell G. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing combined trait insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant corn (MON 89034 x NK603), control, or conventional reference corn.(2007) Poult Sci. 2007 Sep;86(9):1988-94.

485 Taylor ML, Hartnell G, Nemeth M, Karunanandaa K, George B.(2005) Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn.Poult Sci. 2005 Apr;84(4):587-93. Corrected and republished in: Poult Sci. 2005 Dec;84(12):1893-9.

486 Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, Astwood JD (2003) Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from roundup ready (NK603), yieldgard x roundup ready (MON810 x NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poult Sci. 82:443-53.

487 Taylor ML, Hyun Y, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, Astwood JD. (2003) Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard Rootworm (MON863), YieldGard Plus (MON810 x MON863), nontransgenic control, or commercial reference corn hybrids. Poult Sci. 82:1948-56

488 Taylor ML, Stanisiewski EP, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, George B, Hartnell GF (2004) Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing roundup ready (Event RT73), nontransgenic control, or commerical canola meal (vol 83, pg 456, 2004). Poultry Science 83:1758

489 Taylor ML, Stanisiewski EP, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, George B, Hartnell GF 2004 Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing roundup ready (event RT73), nontransgenic control, or commercial canola meal. Poult Sci 83:456-461

490 Taylor, Janet; King, Ross D; Altmann, Thomas; Fiehn, Oliver, 2002, Application of metabolomics to plant genotype discrimination using statistics and machine learning., Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 18(Suppl 2):S241-8

491 Taylor, M. D. Lucas, M. Nemeth, S. Davis, and G. Hartnell. 2007. Comparison of Broiler Performance and Carcass Parameters When Fed Diets Containing Combined Trait Insect-Protected and Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn (MON 89034 x NK603), Control, or Conventional Reference Corn. Poult. Sci. 86: 1988-1994.

492 Taylor, M., G. Hartnell, D. Lucas, S. Davis, and M. Nemeth. 2007. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing soybean meal produced from Glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89788), control, or conventional reference soybeans. Poult. Sci. 86:2608-2614.

493 Taylor, M., G. Hartnell, M. Nemeth, D. Lucas, and S. Davis. 2007. Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Grain from Second-Generation Insect-Protected and Glyphosate-Tolerant, Conventional Control or Commercial Reference Corn. Poult. Sci. 86: 1972-1979.

494 Taylor, M.L., B. George, Y. Hyun, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and G. F. Hartnell. 2004.Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn with a combination of insect-protected (MON 863, MON 810) and glyphosate-tolerant (NK603) traits, control, and commercial corn. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):323. Abstract W40.

495 Taylor, M.L., B. George, Y. Hyun, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and G. F. Hartnell. 2004.Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing insect-protected (MON 88017 or MON 88017 x MON 810), control, or commercial corn. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):322. Abstract W39.

496 Taylor, M.L., B. George, Y. Hyun, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, T.T. Lohrmann, and G.F. Hartnell. 2004. Broiler performance and carcass parameters of broiler fed diets containing lysine maize. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):315. Abstract W10.

497 Taylor, M.L., B. George, Y. Hyun, S.G. Riordan, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and G.F. Hartnell. 2003. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing insect-protected YieldGard® Plus (MON 810 x MON 863), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):65. Abstract 274.

498 Taylor, M.L., D.M. Lucas, S.W. Davis, M.A. Nemeth, and G.F. Hartnell. 2007. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing combined trait insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant corn (MON 89034 × NK603), control, or conventional reference corn. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):70-71. (Abstr.)

499 Taylor, M.L., D.M. Lucas, S.W. Davis, M.A. Nemeth, and G.F. Hartnell. 2007. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing soybean meal produced from glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89788), control or conventional reference soybeans. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):71. (Abstr.)

500 Taylor, M.L., E.P. Stanisiewski, S.G. Riordan, M.A. Nemeth, B. George, and G.F. Hartnell. 2004.Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready (Event RT73), nontransgenic control, or commercial canola meal. Poult. Sci. 83:456-461.

501 Taylor, M.L., G. F. Hartnell, S.G. Riordan, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, B. George, and J.D. Astwood. 2003. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard® (MON810), YieldGard® x Roundup Ready®(GA21), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poultry Sci. 82:823-830.

502 Taylor, M.L., G. Hartnell, M. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and B. George. 2005. Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Corn Grain with Insect-Protected (Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer) and Herbicide-Tolerant (Glyphosate) Traits, Control Corn, or Commercial Reference Corn - Revisited. Poultry Science 84:1893-1899.

503 Taylor, M.L., G. Hartnell, M. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and B. George. 2005. Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Corn Grain with Insect-Protected (Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer) and Herbicide-Tolerant (Glyphosate) Traits, Control Corn, or Commercial Reference Corn. Poultry Science 84:587-593.

504 Taylor, M.L., G.F. Hartnell, J.D. Astwood, M.A. Nemeth, and B. George. 2002. Comparison of broiler performance when diets containing MON863 (Corn Rootworm Protection), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):95. Abstract 406.

505 Taylor, M.L., G.F. Hartnell, J.D. Astwood, M.A. Nemeth, and B. George. 2002. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing YieldGard® (MON810) x Roundup Ready® (NK603), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn. Poult. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):95. Abstract 405.

506 Taylor, M.L., G.F. Hartnell, M.A. Nemeth, B. George, and J.D. Astwood. 2001. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready® corn event NK603, parental line, or commercial corn. Poult. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):320. Abstract 1323.

507 Taylor, M.L., G.F. Hartnell, M.A. Nemeth, B. George, and J.D. Astwood. 2001. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing YieldGard® and Roundup Ready® corn, parental lines, or commercial corn. Poult. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):319. Abstract 1321.

508 Taylor, M.L., G.F. Hartnell, M.A. Nemeth, S.W. Davis, S.G. Riordan, D.M. Lucas and K.C. Glenn. 2008. Comparison of performance and carcass parameters for broilers fed diets containing corn with single and multiple genetically enhanced traits using a combine study analysis. Poultry Science 87(Supplement 1):95. Abstract MP301.

509 Taylor, M.L., G.F. Hartnell, S.G. Riordan, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, B. George, and J.D. Astwood. 2003. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from Roundup ready (NK603), YieldGard x Roundup Ready (MON810 x NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poultry Sci. 82:443-453.

510 Taylor, M.L., Y. Hyun, G.F. Hartnell, S.G. Riordan, M.A. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, B. George, and J.D. Astwood. 2003. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard Rootworm (MON863), YieldGard Plus (MON810 x MON863), nontransgenic control, or commercial reference corn hybrids. Poultry Science 82:1948-1956.

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513 Teshima, R., Akiyama, H., Okunuki, H., Sakushima, J-i., Goda, Y., Onodera, H., Sawada, J-i., Toyoda, M. (2000). Effect of GM and Non-GM soybeans on the immune system of BN rats and B10A mice. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. 41, 188–193.

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517 Tiwari, D.P., A. Kumar, B.C. Mondal, D. Pandey, and I. Pandey. 2007. Effect of feeding transgenic brinjal fruits on milk production and composition in lactating crossbred cows. International Tropical Animal Nutrition Conference Vol II:265-266. Abstract October 4-7, 2007, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal India.

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519 Tony MA, Butschke A, Broll H, Grohmann L, Zagon J, Halle I, Dänicke S, Schauzu M, Hafez HM, Flachowsky G. Safety assessment of Bt 176 maize in broiler nutrition: degradation of maize-DNA and its metabolic fate. Arch Tierernahr. 2003 Aug;57(4):235-52.

520 Tony, M. A., A. Butschke, H. Broll, J. Zagon, M. Schauzu, I. Halle, S. Dänicke, and G. Flachowsky. 2003. Fate of DNA from isogenic and transgenic (Bt 176) maize after feeding to broilers (Abbau von DNA aus isogenem und transgenem (Bt 176) Mais in Broilern). Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 12:109.

521 Tony, M., H. Broll, J. Zagon, I. Halle, F. Farouk, B. Edris, S. Awadalla, K. Bögl, M. Schauzu and G. Flachowsky. 2002. Detection and impact of Bt 176 maize on broiler health and performance. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 11:197.

522 Trabalza-Marinucci, M., G. Brandi, C. Rondini, L. Avellini, C. Giammarini, S. Costarelli, G. Acuti, C. Orlandi, G. Filippini, E. Chiaradia, M. Malatesta, S. Crotti, C. Antonini, G. Amagliani, E. Manuali, A.R. Mastrogiacomo, L. Moscati, M.N. Haouet, A. Gaiti, and M. Magnani. 2008. A three-year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep. Livestock Science 113:178-190.

523 Trabalza-Marinuccia, Massimo et. al. (2008) A three-year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep. Livestock Science Volume 113, Issues 2-3, February 2008, Pages 178-190

524 Tudisco R, M. I. Cutrignelli, S. Calabrò, A. Guglielmelli, F. (2007) ITAL.J.ANIM.SCI. VOL. 6 (SUPPL. 1), 380-382, Investigation on genetically modified soybean (RoundUp Ready) in goat nutrition: DNA detection in suckling kids

525 Tudisco R, V. Mastellone, M. I. Cutrignelli, P. Lombardi, F. Bovera, N. Mirabella, G. Piccolo, S. Calabro, L. Avallone and F. Infascell (2010). Fate of transgenic DNA and evaluation of metabolic effects in goats fed genetically modified soybean and in their offsprings. Animal  doi:10.1017/S1751731110000728

526 Tudisco, R; Infascelli, F; Cutrignelli, M; Bovera, F; Morcia, C; Faccioli, P; Terzi, V, 2006, Fate of Feed Plant DNA Monitored in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Livestock Science, 105(1 - 3):12 - 18

527 Tudisco, R., Lombardi, P., Bovera, F., D’Angelo, D., Cutrignelli, M.I., Mastellone, V., Terzi, V., Avallone, L., Infascelli, F., 2006. Genetically modified soya bean in rabbit feeding: detection of DNA fragments and evaluation of metabolic effects by enzymatic analysis. Anim. Sci. 82: 193–199.

528 Tudisco, R., P. Lombardi, F. Bovera, D. d'Angelo, M.I. Cutrignelli, V. Mastelione, V. Terzi, L. Avallone, and F. Infascelli. 2006. Genetically modified soya bean in rabbit feeding: detection of DNA fragments and evaluation of metabolic effects by enzymatic analysis. Animal Science 82:193-199.

529 Turturo, Camilla; Friscina, Arianna; Gaubert, Stéphane; Jacquemond, Mireille; Thompson, Jeremy R; Tepfer, Mark, 2008, Evaluation of potential risks associated with recombination in transgenic plants expressing viral sequences., The Journal of General Virology, 89(Pt 1):327-35

530 Tutel'ian VA, Gapparov MM, Avren'eva LI, Aksiuk IN, Guseva GV, Kravchenko LV, L'vova LS, Saprykin VP, Tyshko NV, Chernysheva ON (2009).[Medical and biological safety assessment of genetically modified maize strain MIR604]Vopr Pitan. 2009;78(2):24-32. Russian.

531 Tutel'ian VA, Kravchenko LV, Lashneva NV, Avren'eva LI, Guseva GV, Sorokina EIu, Chernysheva ON 1999 [Medical and biological evaluation of safety of protein concentrate from genetically-modified soybeans. Biochemical studies] [Article in Russian]. Vopr Pitan. 68:9-12.

532 Twardowski T, Potkanski A, Pruszynski SAK (2003) A note on silage from genetically modified maize tested for biological activity. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 12:759-764

533 Tyshko NV, Britsina MV, Gmoshinskiĭ IV, Zhanataev AK, Zakharova NS, Zorin SN, Mazo VK, Semenov BF (2008) [Medical and biological safety assessment of genetically modified maize event MON 88017. Report 2. Genotoxicologic, immunologic and allergologic examinations] [Article in Russian] Vopr Pitan. 2008;77(5):13-7.

534 USDA-APHIS (2007). Approval of USDA-ARS Request (04-264-01P) Seeking a Determination of Non-regulated Status for C5 Plum Resistant to Plum pox Virus. Finding of No Significant Impact and Decision Notice.

535 Van Deynze, A., Bradford, K. J., and Van Eenennaam, A (2004) Crop biotechnology: Feeds for livestock. Div.Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 8145, Univ.of California-Davis Pub. 8145, 1-6. 2004.

536 Vander Pol KJ, Erickson GE, Robbins ND, Berger LL, Wilson CB, Klopfenstein TJ, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF.(2005)E ffects of grazing residues or feeding corn from a corn rootworm-protected hybrid (MON 863) compared with reference hybrids on animal performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci. 2005 Dec;83(12):2826-34.

537 Vander Pol, K., J. Simon, G. Erickson, T. Klopfenstein, E. Stanisiewski, and G. Hartnell. 2003.Feeding transgenic (Bt corn rootworm protected and Roundup Ready®) corn to feedlot cattle. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 80-A:30-32.

538 Vander Pol, K.J., G. E. Erickson, N. D. Robbins, L. L. Berger, C. B.Wilson, T. J. Klopfenstein, E. P. Stanisiewski, and G. F. Hartnell. 2005. Effects of grazing residues or feeding corn from a corn rootworm-protected hybrid (MON 863) compared with reference hybrids on animal performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim Sci. 83:2826-2834.

539 Vander Pol, K.J., G.E. Erickson, C.N. Macken, M.P. Blackford, T.J. Klopfenstein, E.P. Stanisiewski, and G.F. Hartnell. 2002. Effect of corn root worm protected corn (event MON863) on performance in beef feedlot diets. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):46. Abstract 180.

540 Vazquez Padron, R.I., Gonzalez Cabrera, J., Garcia Tovar, C., Neri Bazan, L., Lopez Revilla, R., Hernandez, M., Morena Fierros, L., De la Riva, G.A. (2000). Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis sp. kurstaki HD73 binds to surface proteins in the mouse small intestine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 271, 54–58.

541 Vazquez Padron, R.I., Moreno Fierros, L., Neri Bazan, L., De la Riva, G.A., Lopez Revilla, R., (1999). Intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis induces systemic and mucosal antibody responses in mice. Life Sci. 64, 1897–1912.

542 Vecchio, L., Cisterna, B., Malatesta, M., Martin, T.E., Biggiogera, M., 2004. Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Eur. J. Histochem. 48, 448–454.

543 Venneria, Eugenia; Fanasca, Simone; Monastra, Giovanni; Finotti, Enrico; Ambra, Roberto; Azzini, Elena; Durazzo, Alessandra; Foddai, Maria Stella; Maiani, Giuseppe, 2008, Assessment of the nutritional values of genetically modified wheat, corn, and tomato crops., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(19):9206-14

544 Vogler U, Rott AS, Gessler C, Dorn S (2009). Terpene-mediated parasitoid host location behavior on transgenic and classically bred apple genotypes.J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 12;57(15):6630-5.

545 Vogler, Ute; Anja S. Rott, Cesare Gessler & Silvia Dorn. How transgenic and classically bred apple genotypes affect non-target organisms on higher trophic levels. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume 134 Issue 2, Pages 114 - 121

546 Vogler, Ute; Rott, Anja S; Gessler, Cesare; Dorn, Silvia, 2009, Terpene-mediated parasitoid host location behavior on transgenic and classically bred apple genotypes., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(15):6630-5

547 Vogler, Ute; Rott, Anja S; Gessler, Cesare; Dorn, Silvia, 2010, Comparison between volatile emissions from transgenic apples and from two representative classically bred apple cultivars., Transgenic Research, 19(1):77-89

548 von Burg, Simone; van Veen, Frank J F; Álvarez-Alfageme, Fernando; Romeis, Jörg, 2011, Aphid-parasitoid community structure on genetically modified wheat, Biology Letters, 7(3):387-91

549 von Wettstein D, Warner J, Kannangara CG (2003) Supplements of transgenic malt or grain containing (1,3-1,4)-beta-glucanase increase the nutritive value of barley-based broiler diets to that of maize. British Poultry Science 44:438-449

550 Wainwright, P.E., Huang, Y.-S., De Michele, S.J., Xing, H., Liu, J.-W., Chuang, L.-T., Biederman, J., 2003. Effects of high-c-linolenic acid canola oil compared with borage oil on reproduction, growth, and brain and behavioral development in mice. Lipids 38, 171–178.

551 Wakasa, Kyo; Hasegawa, Hisakazu; Nemoto, Hiroshi; Matsuda, Fumio; Miyazawa, Haruna; Tozawa, Yuzuru; Morino, Keiko; Komatsu, Akira; Yamada, Tetsuya; Terakawa, Teruhiko; Miyagawa, Hisashi, 2006, High-level tryptophan accumulation in seeds of transgenic rice and its limited effects on agronomic traits and seed metabolite profile., Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(12):3069-78

552 Walsh MC, Buzoianu SG, Gardiner GE, Rea MC, Gelencsér E, et al. (2011) Fate of Transgenic DNA from Orally Administered Bt MON810 Maize and Effects on Immune Response and Growth in Pigs. PLoS ONE 6(11): e27177. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027177

553 Walsh, M.C., S.G. Buzoianu, G.E. Gardiner, M.C. Rea, R.P. Ross, and P.G. Lawlor. 2010. Short-term feeding of genetically modified Bt maize (MON810) to weanling pigs: Effects on gut microbiota, intestinal morphology and immune status. J. Anim. Sci. 88(E-Suppl. 2):495. Abstract M508.

554 Walsh, Maria C; Stefan G. Buzoianu1, Gillian E. Gardiner, Mary C. Rea, R. Paul Ross, Joseph P. Cassidy and Peadar G. Lawlor.Effects of short-term feeding of Bt MON810 maize on growth performance, organ morphology and function in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition (2012), 107, 364–371 doi:10.1017/S0007114511003011

555 Wang, Z.H., Wang, Y., Cui, H.R., Xia, Y.W., Altosaar, I., 2002. Toxicological evaluation of transgenic rice flour with a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Sci. Food Agric. 82, 738–744.

556 Weakley, D., D. R. Mertens, and M. McCaslin. 2008. Lactating cow responses to alfalfa hays with down-regulated lignin biosynthesis. Journal Dairy Science 91(E Supplement 1):170 Abstract 184/ Journal of Animal Science 86(E Supplement 2):170 Abstract 184.

557 Weber, T.E. and B.T. Richert. 2001. Grower-finisher growth performance and carcass characteristics including attempts to detect transgenic plant DNA and protein in muscle from pigs fed genetically modified “Bt” corn. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2)67. Abstract 162.

558 Weber, T.E., B.T. Richert, D.C. Kendall, K.A. Bowers and C.T. Herr. 2000. Grower-Finisher Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Genetically Modified “Bt” Corn. Purdue University 2000 Swine Day Report, http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/swineday/sday00/psd07-2000.html.

559 Weekes, Rebecca, Theodore Allnutt, Caroline Boffey, Sarah Morgan, Mark Bilton, Roger Daniels and Christine Henry (2008) A study of crop-to-crop gene flow using farm scale sites of fodder maize ( Zea mays L.) in the UK Transgenic Res (2007) 16: 203–211.

560 Weisbjerg, M.R., S. Purup, M. Vestergaard, T. Hvelplund and K. Sejrsen. 2001. Undersøgelser af genmodificerede foderroer til malkeløer. DJF Rapport 25, Husdrybrug, Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri, Denmark.

561 Weisbjerg, M.R., T. Hvelplund, S. Puruo, M. Vestergaard and K. Sejrsen. 2001. Genetically modified beets and beet pulp as feeds for ruminants. Experiments with sheep and dairy cattle at Research Centre Foulum, Denmark. Proceedings: International Symposium on genetically Modified Crops and Co-products as Feeds for Livestock, pp 37-40. September, Nitra, Slovak Republic.

562 White, C.L., L.M. Tabe, H.Dove, J. Hamblin, P.Young, N. Phillips, R. Taylor, S. Gulati, J. Ashes, and T.J.V. Higgins. Online: 2000. Increased efficiency of wool growth and live weight gain in Merino sheep fed transgenic lupin seed containing sunflower albumin. J.Sci. Food Agric. 81:147-154.

563 Wiedemann, S; Gürtler, P; Albrecht, C, 2007, Effect of feeding cows genetically modified maize on the bacterial community in the bovine rumen., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(24):8012-7

564 Wiedemann, S., Lutz, B., Kurtz, H., Schwarz, F.J., & Albrecht, C. (2006) In situ studies on the time-dependent degradation of recombinant corn DNA and protein in the bovine rumen. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1, pp 135-144

565 Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC. (2000). Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for human. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 31:117–165.

566 Williams WP, Windham GL, Buckley PM and Daves CA (2002) Aflatoxin accumulation in conventional and transgenic corn hybrids infested with southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Agric Urban Entomol 19(4): 227–236.

567 Wilson, C.B., C.N. Macken. G.E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, and E. Stanisiewski. 2003. Utilization of genetically enhanced corn residue for grazing. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):107. Abstract 335.

568 Wilson, C.B., C.N. Macken. G.E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, and E. Stanisiewski. 2003. Utilization of genetically enhanced corn residue on grazing steer performance. 2003 Nebraska Beef Report, pages 18-19.

569 Windels P, Taverniers I, Depicker A, Van Bockstaele E, De Loose M (2001) Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert Eur Food Res Technol 213:107–112.

570 Yonemochi, C. T. Ikeda, C. Harada, T. Kusama, and M.Hanazum. 2003. Influence of transgenic corn (CBH 351, named Starlink) on health condition of dairy cows and transfer of Cry9C protein and cry9c gene to milk, blood, liver and muscle. Animal Sci. J. 74:81-88.

571 Yonemochi, C., H. Fujisaki, C. Harada, T. Kusama, and M. Hanazumi. 2002. Evaluation of transgenic event CBH 351 (Starlink) corn in broiler chicks. Animal Sci. J. 73:221-228.

572 Yuan, Yanfang; Xu, Wentao; Luo, Yunbo; Liu, Haiyan; Lu, Jiao; Su, Chunyuan; Huang, Kunlun, 2011, Effects of genetically modified T2A-1 rice on faecal microflora of rats during 90 day supplementation, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(11):2066-72

573 Zdunczyk Z, Frejnagel S, Fornal J, Flis M, Palacios MC, Flis B, Zagorski-Ostoja W (2005) Biological response of rat fed diets with high tuber content of conventionally bred and transgenic potato resistant to necrotic strain of potato virus (PVYN) Part I. Chemical composition of tubers and nutritional value of diets. Food Control 16:761-766

574 Zdunczyk Z, Juskiewicz J, Fornal J, Mazur-Gonkowska B, Koncicki A, Flis B, Zimnoch-Guzowska E, Zagorski-Ostoja W (2005) Biological response of rat fed diets with high tuber content of conventionally bred and transgenic potato resistant to necrotic strain of potato virus (PVYN). Part II. Caecal metabolism, serum enzymes and indices of non-specific defence of rats. Food Control 16:767-772

575 Zeilinger A R,  David A. Andow, Claudia Zwahlen,  and Guenther Stotzky (2010) Earthworm populations in a northern U.S. Cornbelt soil are not affected by long-term cultivation of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 proteins. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Article in Press, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.004

576 Zeller, Simon L; Kalinina, Olena; Brunner, Susanne; Keller, Beat; Schmid, Bernhard, 2010, Transgene x environment interactions in genetically modified wheat., PloS One, 5(7):e11405

577 Zhang, Jun; Cai, Lin; Cheng, Jiaqin; Mao, Huizhu; Fan, Xiaoping; Meng, Zhaohong; Chan, Ka Man; Zhang, Huijun; Qi, Jianfei; Ji, Lianghui; Hong, Yan, 2008, Transgene integration and organization in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genome., Transgenic Research, 17(2):293-306

578 Zhang, Z.B., E.T. Kornegay, J.S. Radcliffe, D. M. Denbow, H.P. Veit, and C.T. Larson. 2000. Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young broilers. Poultry Sci. 79:709-717.

579 Zhang, Z.B., E.T. Kornegay, J.S. Radcliffe, J.H. Wilson, and H.P. Veit. 2000. Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2868-2878.

580 Zhu Y, Li D, Wang F, Yin J, Jin H (2004) Nutritional assessment and fate of DNA of soybean meal from Roundup Ready or conventional soybeans using rats.

581 Zhuo Q, Chen X, Piao J, Gu L (2004) [Study on food safety of genetically modified rice which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor by 90 day feeding test on rats] [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33:176-9.

582 Zhuo Q, Chen X, Piao J, Han C (2004) [Study on the teratogenicity effects of genetically modified rich which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor on rats] [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33:74-7.

583 Zolla, Lello; Rinalducci, Sara; Antonioli, Paolo; Righetti, Pier Giorgio, 2008, Proteomics as a complementary tool for identifying unintended side effects occurring in transgenic maize seeds as a result of genetic modifications., Journal of Proteome Research, 7(5):1850-61

584 Zywicki Britta , Gareth Catchpole, John Draper, and Oliver Fiehn. 2004. Comparison of rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS methods for determination of glycoalkaloids in transgenic field grown potatoes. Analytical Biochemistry . UK Food Safety Authority Under G02006: Metabolome technology for the profiling of GM and conventionally bred plant materials

585 Qi X, et al. Subchronic feeding study of stacked trait genetically-modified soybean (3Ø5423×40-3-2) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012 (web)

586 Buzoianu SG, Walsh MC, Rea MC, O'Sullivan O, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. The effect of feeding Bt MON810 maize to pigs for 110 days on intestinal microbiota. PLoS One 7(5):e33668. 2012

587 Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois. Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 50, Issue 11, November 2012, 4221–4231 Paper retracted by the journal in November 2013

588 Buzoianu SG, Walsh MC, Rea MC, O'Donovan O, Gelencsér E, et al. Effects of Feeding Bt Maize to Sows during Gestation and Lactation on Maternal and Offspring Immunity and Fate of Transgenic Material. PLoS ONE 7(10):e47851.

589 Nakamura, Noriko; Fukuchi-Mizutani, Masako; Katsumoto, Yukihisa;
Togami, Junichi; Senior, Mick; Matsuda, Yoshie; Furuichi, Keiji; Yoshimoto, Mie;
Matsunaga, Akihiro; Ishiguro, Kanako; Aida, Mitsuhiro; Tasaka, Masao; Fukui, Hirokazu; Tsuda, Shinzo; Chandler, Steve; Tanaka, Yoshikazu. Environmental risk assessment and field performance of rose (Rosa×hybrida) genetically modified for delphinidin production. Plant Biotechnology 28, 251–261 (2011)

590 Nakamura, Noriko; Tems, Ursula; Fukuchi-Mizutani, Masako; Chandler, Steve; Matsuda,
Yoshiie; Takeuchi, Shunsuke; Matsumoto, Shogo; Tanaka, Yoshikazu. Molecular based evidence for a lack of gene-flow between Rosa x hybrida and wild Rosa species in Japan. Plant Biotechnology 28, 245–250 (2011)

591 Schuppener M, Mühlhause J, Müller AK, Rauschen S. Environmental risk assessment for the small tortoiseshell Aglais urticae and a stacked Bt-maize with combined resistances against Lepidoptera and Chrysomelidae in central European agrarian landscapes. Mol Ecol. 2012 Sep;21(18):4646-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05716.x. Epub 2012 Jul 31.

592 Rui-Yun Lee, Daniela Reiner, Gerhard Dekan, Andrew E. Moore, T. J. V. Higgins, Michelle M. Epstein. Genetically Modified α-Amylase Inhibitor Peas Are Not Specifically Allergenic in Mice. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (1): e52972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052972

593 SANDEN, M., KROGDAHL, Å., BAKKE-MCKELLEP, A.M., BUDDINGTON, R.K. and HEMRE, G.-I. (2006), Growth performance and organ development in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parr fed genetically modified (GM) soybean and maize. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 1–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00367.x

594  Jinni Gu, Åshild Krogdahl, Nini H. Sissener, Trond M. Kortner, Eva Gelencser, Gro-Ingunn Hemre and Anne Marie Bakke. Effects of oral Bt-maize (MON810) exposure on growth and health parameters in normal and sensitised Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.. British Journal of Nutrition, available on CJO2012. doi:10.1017/S000711451200325X.

595 Bryan Delaney, Sule Karaman, Jason Roper, Denise Hoban, Greg Sykes, Pushkor Mukerji, Steven R. Frame, Thirteen week rodent feeding study with grain from molecular stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran protected (DP-ØØ4114-3) maize, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Available online 20 December 2012, ISSN 0278-6915, 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.002.


596 Agnès E. Ricroch, Assessment of GE food safety using ‘-omics’ techniques and long-term animal feeding studies, New Biotechnology, Available online 17 December 2012, ISSN 1871-6784, 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.12.001.

597 Nancy Podevin and Patrick du Jardin, Possible consequences of the overlap between the CaMV 35S promoter regions in plant transformation vectors used and the viral gene VI in transgenic plants. GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain. 3(4):296-300 2012 DOI:10.4161/gmcr.21406

598 Reichert, M., Kozaczyński, W., Karpińska, T., et al. (2013). Histopathology of Internal Organs of Farm Animals Fed Genetically Modified Corn and Soybean Meal. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 56(4), pp. 419-689. Retrieved 23 Jan. 2013, from doi:10.2478/v10213-012-0109-y

599 Fausti, S. W., McDonald, T. M., Lundgren, J. G., Li, J., Keating, A.R. and Catangui, M. (2012). Insecticide use and crop selection in regions with high GM adoption rates. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27 (4): 295-304://WOS:000310549800006

600 A.M. Mannion and Stephen Morse. Biotechnology in agriculture: Agronomic and environmental considerations and reflections based on 15 years of GM crops. Progress in Physical Geography December 2012 36: 747-763, first published on August 21, 2012 doi:10.1177/0309133312457109

Exhibit 4. 

Baseline studies providing comparative data, and assessment of on variability and unexpected outcomes from conventional breeding.

Crop Composition Database (International Life Sciences Institute)


Harrigan GG, Glenn KC, Ridley WP.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;58(3 Suppl):S13-20. Epub 2010 Sep 9.
Abstract
The number of evaluations of the nutrient composition of food and feed crops has increased over the past 15years due to the introduction of new crops using the tools of modern biotechnology. The composition of these crops has been extensively compared with conventional (non-transgenic) controls as an integral part of the comparative safety assessment process. Following guidelines outlined in the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Consensus Documents, most of these studies have incorporated field trials at multiple geographies and a diverse range of commercially available varieties/hybrids that are analyzed to understand natural variability in composition due to genetic and environmental influences. Using studies conducted in the US, Argentina and Brazil over multiple growing seasons, this report documents the effect of geography, growing season, and genetic background on soybean composition where fatty acids and isoflavones were shown to be particularly variable. A separate investigation of 96 different maize hybrids grown at three locations in the US demonstrated that levels of free amino acids, sugars/polyols, and molecules associated with stress response can vary to a greater degree than that observed for more abundant components. The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) crop composition database has proven to be an important resource for collecting and disseminating nutrient composition data to promote a further understanding of the variability that occurs naturally in crops used for food and feed.

Environmental Effects on Allergen Levels in Commercially Grown Non-Genetically Modified Soybeans: Assessing Variation Across North America

Soybean (Glycine max) is a hugely valuable soft commodity that generates tens of billions of dollars annually. This value is due in part to the balanced composition of the seed which is roughly 1:2:2 oil, starch, and protein by weight. In turn, the seeds have many uses with various derivatives appearing broadly in processed food products. As is true with many edible seeds, soybeans contain proteins that are anti-nutritional factors and allergens. Soybean, along with milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, and wheat, elicit a majority of food allergy reactions in the United States. Soybean seed composition can be affected by breeding, and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, moisture, insect/pathogen load, and/or soil nutrient levels). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of genotype and environment on allergen and anti-nutritional proteins in soybean. To address genetic and environmental effects, four varieties of non-GM soybeans were grown in six geographically distinct regions of North America (Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Ontario, and Pennsylvania). Absolute quantification of proteins by mass spectrometry can be achieved with a technique called multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), during which signals from an endogenous protein are compared to those from a synthetic heavy-labeled internal standard. Using MRM, eight allergens were absolutely quantified for each variety in each environment. Statistical analyses show that for most allergens, the effects of environment far outweigh the differences between varieties brought about by breeding.
Front Plant Sci. 2012; 3: 196.
Published online 2012 August 27. doi:  10.3389/fpls.2012.00196
PMCID: PMC3427918
Severin E. Stevenson,  Carlotta A. Woods, Bonnie Hong, Xiaoxiao Kong, Jay J. Thelen, and Gregory S. Ladics*

Allergenic Foods 
Hefle SL, Julie A. Nordlee, and Steve L. Taylor (1996)
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 36(S):S69-S89

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Untersmayr E, Jensen-Jarolim E. The role of protein digestibility and antacids on food allergy outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121: 1301-8.
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Moreno FJ, Rubio LA, Olano A, Clemente A.. Uptake of 2S albumin allergens, Bere1 and Ses i 1, across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54: 8631-9.
Yamada C, Yamashita Y, Seki R, Izumi H, Matsuda T, Kato Y. Digestion and (gastroitestinal absorption of the 14-16-kDa rice allergens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006; 70: 1890-7.
Matsubara T, Aoki N, Honjoh T, Mizumachi K, Kurisaki J, Okamjima T, Nadano D, Matsuda T. Absorption, migration and kinetics on peipheral blood of orally administered ovalbumin in a mouse model. Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2008; 72 : 2555-2565
Husby S., Jensenius J C, Svehag S-E . (1985), Passage of Undegraded Dietary Antigen into the Blood of Healthy Adults. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 1985; 22: 83–92.
Tsume Y; Taki Y; Sakane T; Nadai I; Sesake I, Watabe K, Kohno T, Yamashita S. Quantitative evaluation of the gastrointestinal absorption of protein into the blood and lymph circulation. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1996; 19 : 1332-1337

Review article about insect protective proteins

Review article on natural pesticides
Jones DA. (1998) Why are so many food plants cyanogenic? Phytochemistry. 1998 Jan;47(2):155-62.
Source
Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
Abstract
A disproportionately large number of the most important human food plants is cyanogenic. The accumulated research of numerous people working in several different disciplines now allows a tenable explanation for this observation. Cyanogenesis by plants is not only a surprisingly effective chemical defence against casual herbivores, but it is also easily overcome by careful pre-ingestion food processing, this latter skill being almost exclusive to humans. Moreover, humans have the physiological ability to detoxify cyanide satisfactorily, given an adequate protein diet. It appears that early in the domestication of crop plants the cyanogenic species would have been relatively free of pests and competitive herbivores, as well as having good nutritional qualities, and thus ideal candidates for cultivation by the first farmers.
PMID: 9431670 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Glycoalkaloids in potatoes
 Osman, S. F.Food Chem. 1983, 11 ( 4) 235– 247



Mixtures in the real world: the importance of plant self-defense toxicants, mycotoxins, and the human diet Mattsson, J. L Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 223 ( 2) 125– 132
Research article:
The genetics of plant metabolism

Joost J B Keurentjes, Jingyuan Fu, C H Ric de Vos, Arjen Lommen4, Robert D Hall, Raoul J Bino, Linus H W van der Plas, Ritsert C Jansen, Dick Vreugdenhil & Maarten Koornneef, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, NL-6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Variation for metabolite composition and content is often observed in plants. However, it is poorly understood to what extent this variation has a genetic basis. Here, we describe the genetic analysis of natural variation in the metabolite composition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Instead of focusing on specific metabolites, we have applied empirical untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS). This uncovered many qualitative and quantitative differences in metabolite accumulation between A. thaliana accessions. Only 13.4% of the mass peaks were detected in all 14 accessions analyzed. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of more than 2,000 mass peaks, detected in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the two most divergent accessions, enabled the identification of QTLs for about 75% of the mass signals. More than one-third of the signals were not detected in either parent, indicating the large potential for modification of metabolic composition through classical breeding.

We observed considerable quantitative and qualitative variation in the mass profiles of the different accessions... On average, we detected 964 mass peaks per accession, with a minimum of 826 (Col) and a maximum of 1,337 (Cvi). We detected a total of 2,475 different mass peaks; 706 were unique to single accessions, and only 331 were present in all 14 accessions (Fig. 1a). We found an average of 50 unique mass peaks per accession, with a minimum of 14 (Bay-0) and a maximum of 235 (Cvi).

To uncover loci controlling the observed variation in metabolic profiles, we subsequently analyzed an RIL population derived from a cross between Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Cape Verde Islands (Cvi)13...We found it striking that 853 of a total of 2,129 mass peaks identified in the RIL population were not detected in either parent (Fig. 2a). Although the number of lines analyzed in the RIL population (160 lines measured in duplicate) exceeded that of the number of parental lines (five replicates of each parent measured in duplicate), making the chance of detecting mass peak intensities around the threshold level higher, the observed ratio did not differ much when the threshold was increased modestly (data not shown). This suggests that many metabolites not present in either parent are produced as a result of the recombination of the genomes of the two parents.



 Whole-grain and refined wheat flours show distinct metabolic profiles in rats as assessed by a 1H NMR-based metabonomic approach
Fardet, A., Canlet, C., Gottardi, G., Lyan, B., Llorach, R., Rémésy, C., Mazur, A., Paris, A., Scalbert, A., 2007.. J. Nutr. 137, 923–929. 

Review
Plant breeding: importance of plant secondary metabolites for protection against pathogens and herbivores
M. Wink

Chemical protection plays a decisive role in the resistance of plants against pathogens and herbivores. The so-called secondary metabolites, which are a characteristic feature of plants, are especially important and can protect plants against a wide variety of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi) and herbivores (arthropods, vertebrates). As is the situation with all defense systems of plants and animals, a few specialized pathogens have evolved in plants and have overcome the chemical defense barrier. Furthermore, they are often attracted by a given plant toxin. During domestication of our crop and food plants secondary metabolites have sometimes been eliminated. Taking lupins as an example, it is illustrated that quinolizidine alkaloids are important as chemical defense compounds and that the alkaloid-free varieties (ldquosweet lupinsrdquo), which have been selected by plant breeders, are highly susceptible to a wide range of herbivores to which the alkaloid-rich wild types were resistant. The potential of secondary metabolites for plant breeding and agriculture is discussed.

Theoretical and Applied Genetics
DOI: 10.1007/BF00303957
Volume 75, Number 2, January 1988, p 225 - 233 

Geographic and evolutionary diversification of glucosinolates among near relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

Glucosinolates are biologically active secondary metabolites that display both intra- and interspecific variation in the order Brassicales. Glucosinolate profiles have not been interpreted within a phylogenic framework and little is known regarding the processes that influence the evolution of glucosinolate diversity at a macroevolutionary scale. We have analyzed leaf glucosinolate profiles from members of the Brassicaceae that have diverged from Arabidopsis thaliana within the last 15 million years and interpreted our findings relative to the phylogeny of this group. We identified several interspecific polymorphisms in glucosinolate composition. A majority of these polymorphisms are lineage-specific secondary losses of glucosinolate characters, but a gain-of-character polymorphism was also detected. The genetic basis of most observed polymorphisms appears to be regulatory. In the case of A. lyrata, geographic distribution is also shown to contribute to glucosinolate metabolic diversity. Further, we observed evidence of gene-flow between sympatric species, parallel evolution, and the existence of genetic constraints on the evolution of glucosinolates within the Brassicaceae.

Global impact of mutation-derived varieties

B.S. Ahloowalia1, M. Maluszynski and K. Nichterlein
Euphytica,Volume 135, Number 2 January 2004 p 187 - 204

Abstract

During the past seventy years, world wide more than 2250 varieties have been released that have been derived either as direct mutants or from their progenies. Induction of mutations with radiation has been the most frequently used method for directly developed mutant varieties. The prime strategy in mutation-based breeding has been to upgrade the well-adapted plant varieties by altering one or two major traits, which limit their productivity or enhance their quality value. In this paper, the global impact of mutation-derived varieties on food production and quality enhancement is presented. In addition, the economic contribution of the selectedmutant varieties of rice, barley, cotton,groundnut, pulses, sunflower, rapeseed and Japanese pear is discussed. In several mutation-derived varieties, the changed traits have resulted in synergistic effect on increasing the yield and quality of the crop, improving agronomic inputs, crop rotation, and consumer acceptance. In contrast to the currently protected plantvarieties or germplasm and increasing restrictions on their use, the induced mutants have been freely available for plant breeding. Many mutants have made transnational impact on increasing yield and quality of several seed-propagated crops. Induced mutations will continue tohave an increasing role in creating cropvarieties with traits such as modified oil, protein and starch quality, enhanced uptake of specific metals, deeper rooting system, and resistance to drought, diseases andsalinity as a major component of theenvironmentally sustainable agriculture. Future research on induced mutations would also be important in the functional genomics of many food crops

(This provides a good outline of the conventional role of genetics in crop improvement ).

Gilbert-Diamond*, D, K L Cottingham*, J F Gruber, T Punshon, V Sayarath, A J Gandolfi, E R Baker, B Jackson, and M R Karagas. 2011. Arsenic exposure from rice consumption raises a health concern. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press.

Bailey DG, Dresser G, Arnold JMA. Grapefruit and medication interactions: forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences? CMAJ 2012; DOI:10.1503/cmaj.120951

Risk Management and Risk Assessment of Novel Plant Foods: Concepts and Principles Knudsen, I., Søborg, I., Eriksen, F., Pilegaard, K., Pedersen, J., (2008) , Food and Chemical Toxicology (2008), doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.022
(Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation)

1. Introduction

This paper deals with one segment of the novel foods, namely novel plant foods, with the main focus on novel foods derived from plants not known in the country or region. The paper does not deal with foods derived from genetically modified plants, but only foods derived from cultivated plants that may be developed through conventional breeding or plants from wild sources.
For nearly all plant foods it is very difficult to obtain scientific data, which document their history of safe consumption even though they may have been eaten for several hundreds of years. Nevertheless according to the regulation of some countries there is a need to establish the safety of novel plant foods in order to accept their introduction on the market.
While there already exist well established paradigms for safety assessment of isolated and extracted plant products like sugars, fats and defined chemical entities e.g. flavours, there are no commonly accepted international approaches to assess the safety of complex foods such as fruits, vegetables and other plant parts derived from novel sources.
The purpose of this paper is to propose a set of basic principles and concepts for safety assessment of plant foods, with a main focus on new fruits and vegetables with no history of safe consumption in a country or region and with the final aim to propose a procedure for the safety assessment based upon up-to-date scientific knowledge. This paper is based upon the work by a working group under the Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation.

During the last two decades a lot of attention has been paid to the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms used as food. Several international reports have indicated that the safety assessment strategy recommended for genetically modified foods to a large extent also could be used for other kinds of novel foods. Another conclusion from many of these reports is that very little is known about the potential long-term health effects of any traditional food (e.g. FAO/WHO 2000). Nonetheless, most traditional foods are treated as being safe because no widespread occurrence of acute severe adverse effects is reported after their consumption. Their safety has, however, rarely, if ever, been established. While it has been commonly accepted that for example food additives should be thoroughly tested for safety prior to use in the food production in order to secure that their level in the final food product would not constitute a human health risk, foods from new plant lines or new exotic fruits and vegetables have not been evaluated to the same extent for their potential adverse effects on human health although there are several examples of risks connected to such foods...
...
7. Overall conclusions and recommendations.

The European Union, Australia/New Zealand and Canada have introduced a pre-market notification or assessment and approval of novel foods in their regulation. The managerial and scientific instruments for the enforcement of this regulation are still under development.

A special area in this respect is the area of plant foods, where mutually accepted concepts and principles for risk assessment and risk management of novel plant foods are urgently needed to ensure a sufficient global production of safe and nutritious food and a smooth international trade based on mutual acceptance of these foods.

The Nordic working group has analysed the present regulatory situation and has identified the definitions of novelty and safety in relation to plant foods as the main challenges both globally, regionally and locally.

The working group recommends the introduction of a two-step management procedure, where the aim is to establish novelty at the first step, and to define extent and commit resources for the safety assessment at the second step.

Furthermore it is recommended to develop a worldwide net of global, regional, local and ethnobotanical lists of traditional food plants to guide the decision on novelty at the first step and to enable the safety assessment at the second step.

For a smooth introduction of the so-called novel fruits and vegetables from one region to another the working group recommends to use the “history of use”-concept as the core ingredient of the premarket submission. To the extent that the data submitted by the applicant can support the claim that a product has a history of safe use, the submission can be accepted as such and no further data requested at this point.

This paper describes “the-state-of-the-art” and gives recommendations in an area of the food safety arena, where only few concepts and ideas are fixed yet by administrative practices and scientific “rules-of-thumb”. Each definitive conclusion needs to be taken with caution, since all potential consequences need to be taken into account and no one forgotten, because these conclusions in the end have great perspectives for the global food supply and the global trade with food commodities and may change the basis for the physical and cultural survival of large and small communities.

Therefore the working group recommends interactive exchanges of concepts and ideas between management and science in this field as a high priority at the local, regional and global levels as well as between these levels.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Schouten, Henk J. and Jacobsen, Evert (2007) Are Mutations in Genetically Modified Plants Dangerous ? Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2007, Article ID 82612, 2 pages doi:10.1155/2007/82612


Review Paper
Doerrer N, Ladics G, McClain S, Herouet-Guicheney C, Poulsen LK, Privalle L, Stagg N.(2010) Evaluating biological variation in non-transgenic crops: Executive summary from the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute workshop, November 16-17, 2009, Paris, France.  Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20615445 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth St., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Abstract

The International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee hosted an international workshop November 16-17, 2009, in Paris, France, with over 60 participants from academia, government, and industry to review and discuss the potential utility of "-omics" technologies for assessing the variability in plant gene, protein, and metabolite expression. The goal of the workshop was to illustrate how a plant's constituent makeup and phenotypic processes can be surveyed analytically. Presentations on the "-omics" techniques (i.e., genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) highlighted the workshop, and summaries of these presentations are published separately in this supplemental issue. This paper summarizes key messages, as well as the consensus points reached, in a roundtable discussion on eight specific questions posed during the final session of the workshop. The workshop established some common, though not unique, challenges for all "-omics" techniques, and include (a) standardization of separation/extraction and analytical techniques; (b) difficulty in associating environmental impacts (e.g., planting, soil texture, location, climate, stress) with potential alterations in plants at genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels; (c) many independent analytical measurements, but few replicates/subjects - poorly defined accuracy and precision; and (d) bias - a lack of hypothesis-driven science. Information on natural plant variation is critical in establishing the utility of new technologies due to the variability in specific analytes that may result from genetic differences (crop genotype), different crop management practices (conventional high input, low input, organic), interaction between genotype and environment, and the use of different breeding methods. For example, variations of several classes of proteins were reported among different soybean, rice, or wheat varieties or varieties grown at different locations. Data on the variability of allergenic proteins are important in defining the risk of potential allergenicity. Once established as a standardized assay, survey approaches such as the "-omics" techniques can be considered in a hypothesis-driven analysis of plants, such as determining unintended effects in genetically modified (GM) crops. However, the analysis should include both the GM and control varieties that have the same breeding history and exposure to the same environmental conditions. Importantly, the biological relevance and safety significance of changes in "-omic" data are still unknown. Furthermore, the current compositional assessment for evaluating the substantial equivalence of GM crops is robust, comprehensive, and a good tool for food safety assessments. The overall consensus of the workshop participants was that many "-omics" techniques are extremely useful in the discovery and research phases of biotechnology, and are valuable for hypothesis generation. However, there are many methodological shortcomings identified with "-omics" approaches, a paucity of reference materials, and a lack of focused strategy for their use that currently make them not conducive for the safety assessment of GM crops.

Research paper.
Representation, comparison, and interpretation of metabolome fingerprint data for total composition analysis and quality trait Investigation in potato cultivars.

Beckmann Manfred, David P. Enot, David P. Overy, and John Draper (2007). J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 (9): 3444-3451 DOI: 10.1021/jf0701842.

Powerful algorithms are required to deal with the dimensionality of metabolomics data. Although many achieve high classification accuracy, the models they generate have limited value unless it can be demonstrated that they are reproducible and statistically relevant to the biological problem under investigation. Random forest (RF) generates models, without any requirement for dimensionality reduction or feature selection, in which individual variables are ranked for significance and displayed in an explicit manner. In metabolome fingerprinting by mass spectrometry, each metabolite can be represented by signals at several m/z. Exploiting a prior understanding of expected biochemical differences between sample classes, we aimed to develop meaningful metrics relevant to the significance both of the overall RF model and individual, potentially explanatory, signals. Pair-wise comparison of related plant genotypes with strong phenotypic differences demonstrated that robust models are not only reproducible but also logically structured, highlighting correlated m/z derived from just a small number of explanatory metabolites reflecting the biological differences between sample classes. RF models were also generated by using groupings of samples known to be increasingly phenotypically similar.
Although classification accuracy was often reasonable, we demonstrated reproducibly in both Arabidopsis and potato a performance threshold based on margin statistics beyond which such models showed little structure indicative of either generalizibility or further biological interpretability. In a multiclass problem using 25 Arabidopsis genotypes, despite the complicating effects of ecotype background and secondary metabolome perturbations common to several mutations, the ranking of metabolome signals by RF provided scope for deeper interpretability.

Blog post and research Paper
Going green: lessons from plant genomics for human sequencing studies
02/11/2011 at Genomes unzipped

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg

...As human geneticists, it is all too easy to ignore papers published about non-human organisms – especially when those organisms are plants. After all, how much can the analysis of (say) [mustard cress plant] Arabidopsis genome diversity possibly assist in my quest to better understand the human genome and determine which genes cause disease? Quite a bit, as it happens: a fascinating recent paper in Nature demonstrates a number of lessons that we can learn from our distant green relatives.

By exploiting the small genome size of Arabidopsis (~120 million bases, compared to the relatively gargantuan 3 billion bases of Homo sapiens), researchers were able to perform complete genome sequencing and transcriptome profiling in 18 different ecotypes of the plant (similar to what we would call strains of an animal)...

In this paper, (cited below) Gan et al. were able to completely sequence the 18 Arabidopsis strains and – due to their relatively small size – assemble their genomes de novo (that is, reconstruct their genome sequences from scratch) without requiring comparison to a reference sequence. This allowed them to directly compare the 18 strains with the standard reference strain, Col-0, without the biases that arise from reference-based sequencing. One result in particular illustrates the value of de novo assembly: the analysis revealed that each species contained on average, 319 novel genes (or gene fragments) that were not part of the reference, which would have been completely missed using a standard resequencing approach.




Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana
Xiangchao Gan, Oliver Stegle, Jonas Behr, Joshua G. Steffen, Philipp Drewe, Katie L. Hildebrand, Rune Lyngsoe, Sebastian J. Schultheiss, Edward J. Osborne, Vipin T. Sreedharan, André Kahles, Regina Bohnert, Géraldine Jean, Paul Derwent, Paul Kersey, Eric J. Belfield, Nicholas P. Harberd, Eric Kemen, Christopher Toomajian, Paula X. Kover,  Richard M. Clark, Gunnar Rätsch & Richard Mott
Nature 477, 419–423 (22 September 2011) doi:10.1038/nature10414
Received 09 June 2011 Accepted 05 August 2011 Published online 28 August 2011
Abstract
Genetic differences between Arabidopsis thaliana accessions underlie the plant’s extensive phenotypic variation, and until now these have been interpreted largely in the context of the annotated reference accession Col-0. Here we report the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the genomes of 18 natural A. thaliana accessions, and their transcriptomes. When assessed on the basis of the reference annotation, one-third of protein-coding genes are predicted to be disrupted in at least one accession. However, re-annotation of each genome revealed that alternative gene models often restore coding potential. Gene expression in seedlings differed for nearly half of expressed genes and was frequently associated with cis variants within 5 kilobases, as were intron retention alternative splicing events. Sequence and expression variation is most pronounced in genes that respond to the biotic environment. Our data further promote evolutionary and functional studies in A. thaliana, especially the MAGIC genetic reference population descended from these accessions.